Major CFI-FLASH driver update:

* Add env-variable "unlock" to handle initial state of sectors
  (locked/unlocked).

  Only the U-Boot image and it's environment is protected,
  all other sectors are unprotected (unlocked) if flash
  hardware protection is used (CFG_FLASH_PROTECTION) and
  the environment variable "unlock" is set to "yes".

  Patch by Stefan Roese, 28 Feb 2006

* Update drivers/cfi_flash.c:
  - find_sector() called in both versions of flash_write_cfiword()
  Patch by Peter Pearse, 27th Feb 2006

* CFI support for a x8/x16 AMD/Spansion flash configured in x8 mode
  Patch by Jose Maria Lopez, 16 Jan 2006

* Add support for AMD/Spansion Flashes in flash_write_cfibuffer
  Patch by Alex Bastos and Thomas Schaefer, 2005-08-29

* Changes/fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
  We *should* check if there are any error bits if the previous call
  returned ERR_OK (Otherwise we will have output an error message in
  flash_status_check() already.)  The original code would only check for
  error bits if flash_status_check() returns ERR_TIMEOUT.
  Patch by Marcus Hall, 23 Aug 2005

* Changes/fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
  - Add CFG_FLASH_PROTECT_CLEAR on drivers/cfi_flash.c
  - Prohibit buffer write when buffer_size is 1 on drivers/cfi_flash.c
  Patch by Sangmoon Kim, 19 Aug 2005

* Fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
  - Fix wrong timeout value usage in flash_status_check()
  - Round write_tout up when converting to msec in flash_get_size()
  - Remove clearing flash status at the end of flash_write_cfibuffer()
    which sets Intel 28F640J3 flash back to command mode on CSB472
  Patch by Tolunay Orkun, 02 July 2005
This commit is contained in:
Stefan Roese 2006-02-28 15:29:58 +01:00
parent c81eb1f5f5
commit 79b4cda076
4 changed files with 201 additions and 73 deletions

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@ -2,6 +2,45 @@
Changes since U-Boot 1.1.4: Changes since U-Boot 1.1.4:
====================================================================== ======================================================================
* Add env-variable "unlock" to handle initial state of sectors
(locked/unlocked).
Only the U-Boot image and it's environment is protected,
all other sectors are unprotected (unlocked) if flash
hardware protection is used (CFG_FLASH_PROTECTION) and
the environment variable "unlock" is set to "yes".
Patch by Stefan Roese, 28 Feb 2006
* Update drivers/cfi_flash.c:
- find_sector() called in both versions of flash_write_cfiword()
Patch by Peter Pearse, 27th Feb 2006
* CFI support for a x8/x16 AMD/Spansion flash configured in x8 mode
Patch by Jose Maria Lopez, 16 Jan 2006
* Add support for AMD/Spansion Flashes in flash_write_cfibuffer
Patch by Alex Bastos and Thomas Schaefer, 2005-08-29
* Changes/fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
We *should* check if there are any error bits if the previous call
returned ERR_OK (Otherwise we will have output an error message in
flash_status_check() already.) The original code would only check for
error bits if flash_status_check() returns ERR_TIMEOUT.
Patch by Marcus Hall, 23 Aug 2005
* Changes/fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
- Add CFG_FLASH_PROTECT_CLEAR on drivers/cfi_flash.c
- Prohibit buffer write when buffer_size is 1 on drivers/cfi_flash.c
Patch by Sangmoon Kim, 19 Aug 2005
* Fixes for drivers/cfi_flash.c:
- Fix wrong timeout value usage in flash_status_check()
- Round write_tout up when converting to msec in flash_get_size()
- Remove clearing flash status at the end of flash_write_cfibuffer()
which sets Intel 28F640J3 flash back to command mode on CSB472
Patch by Tolunay Orkun, 02 July 2005
* Add GIT version information (commid ID) to untagged U-Boot versions * Add GIT version information (commid ID) to untagged U-Boot versions
As done in the linux kernel, the U-Boot version (U_BOOT_VERSION) As done in the linux kernel, the U-Boot version (U_BOOT_VERSION)

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@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ extern flash_info_t flash_info[]; /* FLASH chips info */
void local_bus_init (void); void local_bus_init (void);
long int fixed_sdram (void); long int fixed_sdram (void);
ulong flash_get_size (ulong base, int banknum);
#ifdef CONFIG_CPM2 #ifdef CONFIG_CPM2
/* /*
@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ int misc_init_r (void)
/* Monitor protection ON by default */ /* Monitor protection ON by default */
flash_protect (FLAG_PROTECT_SET, flash_protect (FLAG_PROTECT_SET,
CFG_MONITOR_BASE, 0xffffffff, CFG_MONITOR_BASE, CFG_MONITOR_BASE + monitor_flash_len - 1,
&flash_info[CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS - 1]); &flash_info[CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS - 1]);
/* Environment protection ON by default */ /* Environment protection ON by default */

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@ -104,12 +104,15 @@
#define AMD_CMD_ERASE_SECTOR 0x30 #define AMD_CMD_ERASE_SECTOR 0x30
#define AMD_CMD_UNLOCK_START 0xAA #define AMD_CMD_UNLOCK_START 0xAA
#define AMD_CMD_UNLOCK_ACK 0x55 #define AMD_CMD_UNLOCK_ACK 0x55
#define AMD_CMD_WRITE_TO_BUFFER 0x25
#define AMD_CMD_WRITE_BUFFER_CONFIRM 0x29
#define AMD_STATUS_TOGGLE 0x40 #define AMD_STATUS_TOGGLE 0x40
#define AMD_STATUS_ERROR 0x20 #define AMD_STATUS_ERROR 0x20
#define AMD_ADDR_ERASE_START 0x555
#define AMD_ADDR_START 0x555 #define AMD_ADDR_ERASE_START ((info->portwidth == FLASH_CFI_8BIT) ? 0xAAA : 0x555)
#define AMD_ADDR_ACK 0x2AA #define AMD_ADDR_START ((info->portwidth == FLASH_CFI_8BIT) ? 0xAAA : 0x555)
#define AMD_ADDR_ACK ((info->portwidth == FLASH_CFI_8BIT) ? 0x555 : 0x2AA)
#define FLASH_OFFSET_CFI 0x55 #define FLASH_OFFSET_CFI 0x55
#define FLASH_OFFSET_CFI_RESP 0x10 #define FLASH_OFFSET_CFI_RESP 0x10
@ -175,6 +178,13 @@ static ulong bank_base[CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS] = CFG_FLASH_BANKS_LIST;
flash_info_t flash_info[CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS]; /* FLASH chips info */ flash_info_t flash_info[CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS]; /* FLASH chips info */
#endif #endif
/*
* Check if chip width is defined. If not, start detecting with 8bit.
*/
#ifndef CFG_FLASH_CFI_WIDTH
#define CFG_FLASH_CFI_WIDTH FLASH_CFI_8BIT
#endif
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------- /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Functions * Functions
@ -190,7 +200,6 @@ static int flash_isequal (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset, u
static int flash_isset (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset, uchar cmd); static int flash_isset (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset, uchar cmd);
static int flash_toggle (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset, uchar cmd); static int flash_toggle (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset, uchar cmd);
static int flash_detect_cfi (flash_info_t * info); static int flash_detect_cfi (flash_info_t * info);
ulong flash_get_size (ulong base, int banknum);
static int flash_write_cfiword (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, cfiword_t cword); static int flash_write_cfiword (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, cfiword_t cword);
static int flash_full_status_check (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sector, static int flash_full_status_check (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sector,
ulong tout, char *prompt); ulong tout, char *prompt);
@ -328,6 +337,7 @@ ulong flash_read_long (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sect, uint offset)
return retval; return retval;
} }
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------- /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
unsigned long flash_init (void) unsigned long flash_init (void)
@ -345,6 +355,24 @@ unsigned long flash_init (void)
i, flash_info[i].size, flash_info[i].size << 20); i, flash_info[i].size, flash_info[i].size << 20);
#endif /* CFG_FLASH_QUIET_TEST */ #endif /* CFG_FLASH_QUIET_TEST */
} }
#ifdef CFG_FLASH_PROTECTION
else {
char *s = getenv("unlock");
if (((s = getenv("unlock")) != NULL) && (strcmp(s, "yes") == 0)) {
/*
* Only the U-Boot image and it's environment is protected,
* all other sectors are unprotected (unlocked) if flash
* hardware protection is used (CFG_FLASH_PROTECTION) and
* the environment variable "unlock" is set to "yes".
*/
flash_protect (FLAG_PROTECT_CLEAR,
flash_info[i].start[0],
flash_info[i].start[0] + flash_info[i].size - 1,
&flash_info[i]);
}
}
#endif /* CFG_FLASH_PROTECTION */
} }
/* Monitor protection ON by default */ /* Monitor protection ON by default */
@ -565,7 +593,22 @@ int write_buff (flash_info_t * info, uchar * src, ulong addr, ulong cnt)
buffered_size = (info->portwidth / info->chipwidth); buffered_size = (info->portwidth / info->chipwidth);
buffered_size *= info->buffer_size; buffered_size *= info->buffer_size;
while (cnt >= info->portwidth) { while (cnt >= info->portwidth) {
i = buffered_size > cnt ? cnt : buffered_size; /* prohibit buffer write when buffer_size is 1 */
if (info->buffer_size == 1) {
cword.l = 0;
for (i = 0; i < info->portwidth; i++)
flash_add_byte (info, &cword, *src++);
if ((rc = flash_write_cfiword (info, wp, cword)) != 0)
return rc;
wp += info->portwidth;
cnt -= info->portwidth;
continue;
}
/* write buffer until next buffered_size aligned boundary */
i = buffered_size - (wp % buffered_size);
if (i > cnt)
i = cnt;
if ((rc = flash_write_cfibuffer (info, wp, src, i)) != ERR_OK) if ((rc = flash_write_cfibuffer (info, wp, src, i)) != ERR_OK)
return rc; return rc;
i -= i & (info->portwidth - 1); i -= i & (info->portwidth - 1);
@ -705,7 +748,7 @@ static int flash_status_check (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sector,
/* Wait for command completion */ /* Wait for command completion */
start = get_timer (0); start = get_timer (0);
while (flash_is_busy (info, sector)) { while (flash_is_busy (info, sector)) {
if (get_timer (start) > info->erase_blk_tout * CFG_HZ) { if (get_timer (start) > tout) {
printf ("Flash %s timeout at address %lx data %lx\n", printf ("Flash %s timeout at address %lx data %lx\n",
prompt, info->start[sector], prompt, info->start[sector],
flash_read_long (info, sector, 0)); flash_read_long (info, sector, 0));
@ -729,7 +772,7 @@ static int flash_full_status_check (flash_info_t * info, flash_sect_t sector,
switch (info->vendor) { switch (info->vendor) {
case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_EXTENDED: case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_EXTENDED:
case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_STANDARD: case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_STANDARD:
if ((retcode != ERR_OK) if ((retcode == ERR_OK)
&& !flash_isequal (info, sector, 0, FLASH_STATUS_DONE)) { && !flash_isequal (info, sector, 0, FLASH_STATUS_DONE)) {
retcode = ERR_INVAL; retcode = ERR_INVAL;
printf ("Flash %s error at address %lx\n", prompt, printf ("Flash %s error at address %lx\n", prompt,
@ -985,7 +1028,7 @@ static int flash_detect_cfi (flash_info_t * info)
{ {
debug ("flash detect cfi\n"); debug ("flash detect cfi\n");
for (info->portwidth = FLASH_CFI_8BIT; for (info->portwidth = CFG_FLASH_CFI_WIDTH;
info->portwidth <= FLASH_CFI_64BIT; info->portwidth <<= 1) { info->portwidth <= FLASH_CFI_64BIT; info->portwidth <<= 1) {
for (info->chipwidth = FLASH_CFI_BY8; for (info->chipwidth = FLASH_CFI_BY8;
info->chipwidth <= info->portwidth; info->chipwidth <= info->portwidth;
@ -1106,8 +1149,9 @@ ulong flash_get_size (ulong base, int banknum)
info->erase_blk_tout = (tmp * (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_EMAX_TOUT))); info->erase_blk_tout = (tmp * (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_EMAX_TOUT)));
tmp = 1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WBTOUT); tmp = 1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WBTOUT);
info->buffer_write_tout = (tmp * (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WBMAX_TOUT))); info->buffer_write_tout = (tmp * (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WBMAX_TOUT)));
tmp = 1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WTOUT); tmp = (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WTOUT)) *
info->write_tout = (tmp * (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WMAX_TOUT))) / 1000; (1 << flash_read_uchar (info, FLASH_OFFSET_WMAX_TOUT));
info->write_tout = tmp / 1000 + (tmp % 1000 ? 1 : 0); /* round up when converting to ms */
info->flash_id = FLASH_MAN_CFI; info->flash_id = FLASH_MAN_CFI;
if ((info->interface == FLASH_CFI_X8X16) && (info->chipwidth == FLASH_CFI_BY8)) { if ((info->interface == FLASH_CFI_X8X16) && (info->chipwidth == FLASH_CFI_BY8)) {
info->portwidth >>= 1; /* XXX - Need to test on x8/x16 in parallel. */ info->portwidth >>= 1; /* XXX - Need to test on x8/x16 in parallel. */
@ -1118,13 +1162,26 @@ ulong flash_get_size (ulong base, int banknum)
return (info->size); return (info->size);
} }
/* loop through the sectors from the highest address
* when the passed address is greater or equal to the sector address
* we have a match
*/
static flash_sect_t find_sector (flash_info_t * info, ulong addr)
{
flash_sect_t sector;
for (sector = info->sector_count - 1; sector >= 0; sector--) {
if (addr >= info->start[sector])
break;
}
return sector;
}
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------- /*-----------------------------------------------------------------------
*/ */
static int flash_write_cfiword (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, static int flash_write_cfiword (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest,
cfiword_t cword) cfiword_t cword)
{ {
cfiptr_t ctladdr; cfiptr_t ctladdr;
cfiptr_t cptr; cfiptr_t cptr;
int flag; int flag;
@ -1188,26 +1245,12 @@ static int flash_write_cfiword (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest,
if (flag) if (flag)
enable_interrupts (); enable_interrupts ();
return flash_full_status_check (info, 0, info->write_tout, "write"); return flash_full_status_check (info, find_sector (info, dest),
info->write_tout, "write");
} }
#ifdef CFG_FLASH_USE_BUFFER_WRITE #ifdef CFG_FLASH_USE_BUFFER_WRITE
/* loop through the sectors from the highest address
* when the passed address is greater or equal to the sector address
* we have a match
*/
static flash_sect_t find_sector (flash_info_t * info, ulong addr)
{
flash_sect_t sector;
for (sector = info->sector_count - 1; sector >= 0; sector--) {
if (addr >= info->start[sector])
break;
}
return sector;
}
static int flash_write_cfibuffer (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, uchar * cp, static int flash_write_cfibuffer (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, uchar * cp,
int len) int len)
{ {
@ -1216,66 +1259,106 @@ static int flash_write_cfibuffer (flash_info_t * info, ulong dest, uchar * cp,
int retcode; int retcode;
volatile cfiptr_t src; volatile cfiptr_t src;
volatile cfiptr_t dst; volatile cfiptr_t dst;
/* buffered writes in the AMD chip set is not supported yet */
if((info->vendor == CFI_CMDSET_AMD_STANDARD) ||
(info->vendor == CFI_CMDSET_AMD_EXTENDED))
return ERR_INVAL;
src.cp = cp; switch (info->vendor) {
dst.cp = (uchar *) dest; case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_STANDARD:
sector = find_sector (info, dest); case CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_EXTENDED:
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, FLASH_CMD_CLEAR_STATUS); src.cp = cp;
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, FLASH_CMD_WRITE_TO_BUFFER); dst.cp = (uchar *) dest;
if ((retcode = sector = find_sector (info, dest);
flash_status_check (info, sector, info->buffer_write_tout, flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, FLASH_CMD_CLEAR_STATUS);
"write to buffer")) == ERR_OK) { flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, FLASH_CMD_WRITE_TO_BUFFER);
/* reduce the number of loops by the width of the port */ if ((retcode = flash_status_check (info, sector, info->buffer_write_tout,
switch (info->portwidth) { "write to buffer")) == ERR_OK) {
case FLASH_CFI_8BIT: /* reduce the number of loops by the width of the port */
cnt = len;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_16BIT:
cnt = len >> 1;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_32BIT:
cnt = len >> 2;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_64BIT:
cnt = len >> 3;
break;
default:
return ERR_INVAL;
break;
}
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) {
switch (info->portwidth) { switch (info->portwidth) {
case FLASH_CFI_8BIT: case FLASH_CFI_8BIT:
*dst.cp++ = *src.cp++; cnt = len;
break; break;
case FLASH_CFI_16BIT: case FLASH_CFI_16BIT:
*dst.wp++ = *src.wp++; cnt = len >> 1;
break; break;
case FLASH_CFI_32BIT: case FLASH_CFI_32BIT:
*dst.lp++ = *src.lp++; cnt = len >> 2;
break; break;
case FLASH_CFI_64BIT: case FLASH_CFI_64BIT:
*dst.llp++ = *src.llp++; cnt = len >> 3;
break; break;
default: default:
return ERR_INVAL; return ERR_INVAL;
break; break;
} }
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) {
switch (info->portwidth) {
case FLASH_CFI_8BIT:
*dst.cp++ = *src.cp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_16BIT:
*dst.wp++ = *src.wp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_32BIT:
*dst.lp++ = *src.lp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_64BIT:
*dst.llp++ = *src.llp++;
break;
default:
return ERR_INVAL;
break;
}
}
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0,
FLASH_CMD_WRITE_BUFFER_CONFIRM);
retcode = flash_full_status_check (info, sector,
info->buffer_write_tout,
"buffer write");
} }
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, return retcode;
FLASH_CMD_WRITE_BUFFER_CONFIRM);
retcode = case CFI_CMDSET_AMD_STANDARD:
flash_full_status_check (info, sector, case CFI_CMDSET_AMD_EXTENDED:
info->buffer_write_tout, src.cp = cp;
"buffer write"); dst.cp = (uchar *) dest;
sector = find_sector (info, dest);
flash_unlock_seq(info,0);
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, AMD_CMD_WRITE_TO_BUFFER);
switch (info->portwidth) {
case FLASH_CFI_8BIT:
cnt = len;
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) *dst.cp++ = *src.cp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_16BIT:
cnt = len >> 1;
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) *dst.wp++ = *src.wp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_32BIT:
cnt = len >> 2;
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) *dst.lp++ = *src.lp++;
break;
case FLASH_CFI_64BIT:
cnt = len >> 3;
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, (uchar) cnt - 1);
while (cnt-- > 0) *dst.llp++ = *src.llp++;
break;
default:
return ERR_INVAL;
}
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, AMD_CMD_WRITE_BUFFER_CONFIRM);
retcode = flash_full_status_check (info, sector, info->buffer_write_tout,
"buffer write");
return retcode;
default:
debug ("Unknown Command Set\n");
return ERR_INVAL;
} }
flash_write_cmd (info, sector, 0, FLASH_CMD_CLEAR_STATUS);
return retcode;
} }
#endif /* CFG_FLASH_USE_BUFFER_WRITE */ #endif /* CFG_FLASH_USE_BUFFER_WRITE */
#endif /* CFG_FLASH_CFI */ #endif /* CFG_FLASH_CFI */

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@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ extern void flash_print_info (flash_info_t *);
extern int flash_erase (flash_info_t *, int, int); extern int flash_erase (flash_info_t *, int, int);
extern int flash_sect_erase (ulong addr_first, ulong addr_last); extern int flash_sect_erase (ulong addr_first, ulong addr_last);
extern int flash_sect_protect (int flag, ulong addr_first, ulong addr_last); extern int flash_sect_protect (int flag, ulong addr_first, ulong addr_last);
extern ulong flash_get_size (ulong base, int banknum);
/* common/flash.c */ /* common/flash.c */
extern void flash_protect (int flag, ulong from, ulong to, flash_info_t *info); extern void flash_protect (int flag, ulong from, ulong to, flash_info_t *info);
@ -274,6 +275,12 @@ extern void flash_read_factory_serial(flash_info_t * info, void * buffer, int of
#define INTEL_ID_28F64K3 0x88018801 /* 64M = 32K x 255 + 32k x 4 */ #define INTEL_ID_28F64K3 0x88018801 /* 64M = 32K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F128K3 0x88028802 /* 128M = 64K x 255 + 32k x 4 */ #define INTEL_ID_28F128K3 0x88028802 /* 128M = 64K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F256K3 0x88038803 /* 256M = 128K x 255 + 32k x 4 */ #define INTEL_ID_28F256K3 0x88038803 /* 256M = 128K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F64P30T 0x88178817 /* 64M = 32K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F64P30B 0x881A881A /* 64M = 32K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F128P30T 0x88188818 /* 128M = 64K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F128P30B 0x881B881B /* 128M = 64K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F256P30T 0x88198819 /* 256M = 128K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F256P30B 0x881C881C /* 256M = 128K x 255 + 32k x 4 */
#define INTEL_ID_28F160S3 0x00D000D0 /* 16M = 512K x 32 (64kB x 32) */ #define INTEL_ID_28F160S3 0x00D000D0 /* 16M = 512K x 32 (64kB x 32) */
#define INTEL_ID_28F320S3 0x00D400D4 /* 32M = 512K x 64 (64kB x 64) */ #define INTEL_ID_28F320S3 0x00D400D4 /* 32M = 512K x 64 (64kB x 64) */