174 lines
8.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
174 lines
8.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
The Kernel Address Sanitizer (KASAN)
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====================================
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Overview
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--------
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KernelAddressSANitizer (KASAN) is a dynamic memory error detector. It provides
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a fast and comprehensive solution for finding use-after-free and out-of-bounds
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bugs.
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KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation for checking every memory access,
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therefore you will need a GCC version 4.9.2 or later. GCC 5.0 or later is
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required for detection of out-of-bounds accesses to stack or global variables.
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Currently KASAN is supported only for the x86_64 and arm64 architectures.
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Usage
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-----
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To enable KASAN configure kernel with::
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CONFIG_KASAN = y
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and choose between CONFIG_KASAN_OUTLINE and CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE. Outline and
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inline are compiler instrumentation types. The former produces smaller binary
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the latter is 1.1 - 2 times faster. Inline instrumentation requires a GCC
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version 5.0 or later.
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KASAN works with both SLUB and SLAB memory allocators.
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For better bug detection and nicer reporting, enable CONFIG_STACKTRACE.
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To disable instrumentation for specific files or directories, add a line
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similar to the following to the respective kernel Makefile:
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- For a single file (e.g. main.o)::
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KASAN_SANITIZE_main.o := n
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- For all files in one directory::
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KASAN_SANITIZE := n
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Error reports
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A typical out of bounds access report looks like this::
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==================================================================
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BUG: AddressSanitizer: out of bounds access in kmalloc_oob_right+0x65/0x75 [test_kasan] at addr ffff8800693bc5d3
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Write of size 1 by task modprobe/1689
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=============================================================================
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BUG kmalloc-128 (Not tainted): kasan error
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
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INFO: Allocated in kmalloc_oob_right+0x3d/0x75 [test_kasan] age=0 cpu=0 pid=1689
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__slab_alloc+0x4b4/0x4f0
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kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x10b/0x190
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kmalloc_oob_right+0x3d/0x75 [test_kasan]
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init_module+0x9/0x47 [test_kasan]
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do_one_initcall+0x99/0x200
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load_module+0x2cb3/0x3b20
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SyS_finit_module+0x76/0x80
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system_call_fastpath+0x12/0x17
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INFO: Slab 0xffffea0001a4ef00 objects=17 used=7 fp=0xffff8800693bd728 flags=0x100000000004080
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INFO: Object 0xffff8800693bc558 @offset=1368 fp=0xffff8800693bc720
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Bytes b4 ffff8800693bc548: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a ........ZZZZZZZZ
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Object ffff8800693bc558: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc568: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc578: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc588: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc598: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc5a8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc5b8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Object ffff8800693bc5c8: 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b a5 kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk.
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Redzone ffff8800693bc5d8: cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ........
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Padding ffff8800693bc718: 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a 5a ZZZZZZZZ
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CPU: 0 PID: 1689 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G B 3.18.0-rc1-mm1+ #98
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Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.7.5-0-ge51488c-20140602_164612-nilsson.home.kraxel.org 04/01/2014
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ffff8800693bc000 0000000000000000 ffff8800693bc558 ffff88006923bb78
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ffffffff81cc68ae 00000000000000f3 ffff88006d407600 ffff88006923bba8
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ffffffff811fd848 ffff88006d407600 ffffea0001a4ef00 ffff8800693bc558
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Call Trace:
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[<ffffffff81cc68ae>] dump_stack+0x46/0x58
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[<ffffffff811fd848>] print_trailer+0xf8/0x160
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[<ffffffffa00026a7>] ? kmem_cache_oob+0xc3/0xc3 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffff811ff0f5>] object_err+0x35/0x40
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[<ffffffffa0002065>] ? kmalloc_oob_right+0x65/0x75 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffff8120b9fa>] kasan_report_error+0x38a/0x3f0
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[<ffffffff8120a79f>] ? kasan_poison_shadow+0x2f/0x40
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[<ffffffff8120b344>] ? kasan_unpoison_shadow+0x14/0x40
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[<ffffffff8120a79f>] ? kasan_poison_shadow+0x2f/0x40
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[<ffffffffa00026a7>] ? kmem_cache_oob+0xc3/0xc3 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffff8120a995>] __asan_store1+0x75/0xb0
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[<ffffffffa0002601>] ? kmem_cache_oob+0x1d/0xc3 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffffa0002065>] ? kmalloc_oob_right+0x65/0x75 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffffa0002065>] kmalloc_oob_right+0x65/0x75 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffffa00026b0>] init_module+0x9/0x47 [test_kasan]
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[<ffffffff810002d9>] do_one_initcall+0x99/0x200
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[<ffffffff811e4e5c>] ? __vunmap+0xec/0x160
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[<ffffffff81114f63>] load_module+0x2cb3/0x3b20
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[<ffffffff8110fd70>] ? m_show+0x240/0x240
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[<ffffffff81115f06>] SyS_finit_module+0x76/0x80
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[<ffffffff81cd3129>] system_call_fastpath+0x12/0x17
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Memory state around the buggy address:
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ffff8800693bc300: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
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ffff8800693bc380: fc fc 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc
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ffff8800693bc400: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
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ffff8800693bc480: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
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ffff8800693bc500: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc 00 00 00 00 00
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>ffff8800693bc580: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 fc fc fc fc fc
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^
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ffff8800693bc600: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
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ffff8800693bc680: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
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ffff8800693bc700: fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
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ffff8800693bc780: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
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ffff8800693bc800: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
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==================================================================
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The header of the report discribe what kind of bug happened and what kind of
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access caused it. It's followed by the description of the accessed slub object
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(see 'SLUB Debug output' section in Documentation/vm/slub.txt for details) and
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the description of the accessed memory page.
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In the last section the report shows memory state around the accessed address.
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Reading this part requires some understanding of how KASAN works.
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The state of each 8 aligned bytes of memory is encoded in one shadow byte.
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Those 8 bytes can be accessible, partially accessible, freed or be a redzone.
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We use the following encoding for each shadow byte: 0 means that all 8 bytes
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of the corresponding memory region are accessible; number N (1 <= N <= 7) means
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that the first N bytes are accessible, and other (8 - N) bytes are not;
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any negative value indicates that the entire 8-byte word is inaccessible.
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We use different negative values to distinguish between different kinds of
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inaccessible memory like redzones or freed memory (see mm/kasan/kasan.h).
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In the report above the arrows point to the shadow byte 03, which means that
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the accessed address is partially accessible.
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Implementation details
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----------------------
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From a high level, our approach to memory error detection is similar to that
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of kmemcheck: use shadow memory to record whether each byte of memory is safe
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to access, and use compile-time instrumentation to check shadow memory on each
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memory access.
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AddressSanitizer dedicates 1/8 of kernel memory to its shadow memory
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(e.g. 16TB to cover 128TB on x86_64) and uses direct mapping with a scale and
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offset to translate a memory address to its corresponding shadow address.
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Here is the function which translates an address to its corresponding shadow
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address::
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static inline void *kasan_mem_to_shadow(const void *addr)
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{
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return ((unsigned long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)
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+ KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET;
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}
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where ``KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3``.
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Compile-time instrumentation used for checking memory accesses. Compiler inserts
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function calls (__asan_load*(addr), __asan_store*(addr)) before each memory
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access of size 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. These functions check whether memory access is
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valid or not by checking corresponding shadow memory.
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GCC 5.0 has possibility to perform inline instrumentation. Instead of making
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function calls GCC directly inserts the code to check the shadow memory.
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This option significantly enlarges kernel but it gives x1.1-x2 performance
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boost over outline instrumented kernel.
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