Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
When using if_changed, we need to add FORCE as a dependency (see
Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt) otherwise we don't get command line
change checking amongst other things. This has resulted in vdsos not
being rebuilt when switching between big and little endian.
The vdso64/32ld commands have to be changed around to avoid pulling
FORCE into the linker command line (code copied from x86).
Signed-off-by: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
This hooks up UBSAN support for PowerPC.
So far it's found some interesting cases where we don't properly sanitise
input to shifts, including one in our futex handling. Nothing critical,
but interesting and worth fixing.
[valentinrothberg@gmail.com: arch/powerpc/Kconfig: fix typo in select statement]
Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Tested-by: Andrew Donnellan <andrew.donnellan@au1.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Valentin Rothberg <valentinrothberg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andy Lutomirski says:
Some dynamic loaders may be slightly faster if a GNU hash is
available.
This is unlikely to have any measurable effect on the time it takes
to resolve vdso symbols (since there are so few of them). In some
contexts, it can be a win for a different reason: if every DSO has a
GNU hash section, then libc can avoid calculating SysV hashes at
all. Both musl and glibc appear to have this optimization.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
We have a request for a fast method of getting CPU and NUMA node IDs
from userspace. This patch implements a getcpu VDSO function,
similar to x86.
Ben suggested we use SPRG3 which is userspace readable. SPRG3 can be
modified by a KVM guest, so we save the SPRG3 value in the paca and
restore it when transitioning from the guest to the host.
I have a glibc patch that implements sched_getcpu on top of this.
Testing on a POWER7:
baseline: 538 cycles
vdso: 30 cycles
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Replace EXTRA_CFLAGS with ccflags-y and EXTRA_AFLAGS with asflags-y.
Signed-off-by: matt mooney <mfm@muteddisk.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
ld-option is misnamed as it test options to gcc, not to ld.
Renamed it to reflect this.
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Make it possible to enable GCOV code coverage measurement on powerpc.
Lightly tested on 64-bit, seems to work as expected.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
This keeps an unstripped copy of the vDSO images built before they are
stripped and embedded in the kernel. The unstripped copies get installed in
$(MODLIB)/vdso/ by "make install". These files can be useful when they
contain source-level debugging information.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The latest toolchains can produce a new ELF section in DSOs and
dynamically-linked executables. The new section ".gnu.hash" replaces
".hash", and allows for more efficient runtime symbol lookups by the
dynamic linker. The new ld option --hash-style={sysv|gnu|both} controls
whether to produce the old ".hash", the new ".gnu.hash", or both. In some
new systems such as Fedora Core 6, gcc by default passes --hash-style=gnu
to the linker, so that a standard invocation of "gcc -shared" results in
producing a DSO with only ".gnu.hash". The new ".gnu.hash" sections need
to be dealt with the same way as ".hash" sections in all respects; only the
dynamic linker cares about their contents. To work with older dynamic
linkers (i.e. preexisting releases of glibc), a binary must have the old
".hash" section. The --hash-style=both option produces binaries that a new
dynamic linker can use more efficiently, but an old dynamic linker can
still handle.
The new section runs afoul of the custom linker scripts used to build vDSO
images for the kernel. On ia64, the failure mode for this is a boot-time
panic because the vDSO's PT_IA_64_UNWIND segment winds up ill-formed.
This patch addresses the problem in two ways.
First, it mentions ".gnu.hash" in all the linker scripts alongside ".hash".
This produces correct vDSO images with --hash-style=sysv (or old tools),
with --hash-style=gnu, or with --hash-style=both.
Second, it passes the --hash-style=sysv option when building the vDSO
images, so that ".gnu.hash" is not actually produced. This is the most
conservative choice for compatibility with any old userland. There is some
concern that some ancient glibc builds (though not any known old production
system) might choke on --hash-style=both binaries. The optimizations
provided by the new style of hash section do not really matter for a DSO
with a tiny number of symbols, as the vDSO has. If someone wants to use
=gnu or =both for their vDSO builds and worry less about that
compatibility, just change the option and the linker script changes will
make any choice work fine.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch moves the vdso's to arch/powerpc, adds support for the 32
bits vdso to the 32 bits kernel, rename systemcfg (finally !), and adds
some new (still untested) routines to both vdso's: clock_gettime() with
support for CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_MONOTONIC, clock_getres() (same
clocks) and get_tbfreq() for glibc to retreive the timebase frequency.
Tom,Steve: The implementation of get_tbfreq() I've done for 32 bits
returns a long long (r3, r4) not a long. This is such that if we ever
add support for >4Ghz timebases on ppc32, the userland interface won't
have to change.
I have tested gettimeofday() using some glibc patches in both ppc32 and
ppc64 kernels using 32 bits userland (I haven't had a chance to test a
64 bits userland yet, but the implementation didn't change and was
tested earlier). I haven't tested yet the new functions.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
