TRBE implementations affected by Arm erratum (2253138 or 2224489), could
write to the next address after the TRBLIMITR.LIMIT, instead of wrapping
to the TRBBASER. This implies that the TRBE could potentially corrupt :
- A page used by the rest of the kernel/user (if the LIMIT = end of
perf ring buffer)
- A page within the ring buffer, but outside the driver's range.
[head, head + size]. This may contain some trace data, may be
consumed by the userspace.
We workaround this erratum by :
- Making sure that there is at least an extra PAGE space left in the
TRBE's range than we normally assign. This will be additional to other
restrictions (e.g, the TRBE alignment for working around
TRBE_WORKAROUND_OVERWRITE_IN_FILL_MODE, where there is a minimum of
PAGE_SIZE. Thus we would have 2 * PAGE_SIZE)
- Adjust the LIMIT to leave the last PAGE_SIZE out of the TRBE's allowed
range (i.e, TRBEBASER...TRBLIMITR.LIMIT), by :
TRBLIMITR.LIMIT -= PAGE_SIZE
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-14-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The TRBE driver makes sure that there is enough space for a meaningful
run, otherwise pads the given space and restarts the offset calculation
once. But there is no guarantee that we may find space or hit "no space".
Make sure that we repeat the step until, either :
- We have the minimum space
OR
- There is NO space at all.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-13-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
For the TRBE to operate, we need a minimum space available to collect
meaningful trace session. This is currently a few bytes, but we may need
to extend this for working around errata. So, abstract this into a helper
function.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-12-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
ARM Neoverse-N2 (#2139208) and Cortex-A710(##2119858) suffers from
an erratum, which when triggered, might cause the TRBE to overwrite
the trace data already collected in FILL mode, in the event of a WRAP.
i.e, the TRBE doesn't stop writing the data, instead wraps to the base
and could write upto 3 cache line size worth trace. Thus, this could
corrupt the trace at the "BASE" pointer.
The workaround is to program the write pointer 256bytes from the
base, such that if the erratum is triggered, it doesn't overwrite
the trace data that was captured. This skipped region could be
padded with ignore packets at the end of the session, so that
the decoder sees a continuous buffer with some padding at the
beginning. The trace data written at the base is considered
lost as the limit could have been in the middle of the perf
ring buffer, and jumping to the "base" is not acceptable.
We set the flags already to indicate that some amount of trace
was lost during the FILL event IRQ. So this is fine.
One important change with the work around is, we program the
TRBBASER_EL1 to current page where we are allowed to write.
Otherwise, it could overwrite a region that may be consumed
by the perf. Towards this, we always make sure that the
"handle->head" and thus the trbe_write is PAGE_SIZE aligned,
so that we can set the BASE to the PAGE base and move the
TRBPTR to the 256bytes offset.
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-11-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Add a minimal infrastructure to keep track of the errata
affecting the given TRBE instance. Given that we have
heterogeneous CPUs, we have to manage the list per-TRBE
instance to be able to apply the work around as needed.
Thus we will need to check if individual CPUs are affected
by the erratum.
We rely on the arm64 errata framework for the actual
description and the discovery of a given erratum, to
keep the Erratum work around at a central place and
benefit from the code and the advertisement from the
kernel. Though we could reuse the "this_cpu_has_cap()"
to apply an erratum work around, it is a bit of a heavy
operation, as it must go through the "erratum" detection
check on the CPU every time it is called (e.g, scanning
through a table of affected MIDRs). Since we need
to do this check for every session, may be multiple
times (depending on the wrok around), we could save
the cycles by caching the affected errata per-CPU
instance in the per-CPU struct trbe_cpudata.
Since we are only interested in the errata affecting
the TRBE driver, we only need to track a very few of them
per-CPU. Thus we use a local mapping of the CPUCAP for the
erratum to avoid bloating up a bitmap for trbe_cpudata.
i.e, each arm64 TRBE erratum bit is assigned a "index"
within the driver to track. Each trbe instance updates
the list of affected erratum at probe time on the CPU.
This makes sure that we can easily access the list of
errata on a given TRBE instance without much overhead.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-10-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The TRBE hardware mandates a minimum alignment for the TRBPTR_EL1,
advertised via the TRBIDR_EL1. This is used by the driver to
align the buffer write head. This patch allows the driver to
choose a different alignment from that of the hardware, by
decoupling the alignment tracking. This will be useful for
working around errata.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-9-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
We always set the TRBBASER_EL1 to the base of the virtual ring
buffer. We are about to change this for working around an erratum.
So, in preparation to that, allow the driver to choose a different
base for the TRBBASER_EL1 (which is within the buffer range).
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-8-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Refactor the helper to pad a given AUX buffer area to allow
"filling" ignore packets, without moving any handle pointers.
This will be useful in working around errata, where we may
have to fill the buffer after a session.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-7-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
We collect the trace from the TRBE on FILL event from IRQ context
and via update_buffer(), when the event is stopped. Let us
consolidate how we calculate the trace generated into a helper.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019163153.3692640-6-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The TRBE driver wrongly treats the aux private data as the TRBE driver
specific buffer for a given perf handle, while it is the ETM PMU's
event specific data. Fix this by correcting the instance to use
appropriate helper.
Cc: stable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Fixes: 3fbf7f011f ("coresight: sink: Add TRBE driver")
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210921134121.2423546-2-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
[Fixed 13 character SHA down to 12]
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Add ETM PID for Kryo-5XX to the list of supported ETMs.
Otherwise, Kryo-5XX ETMs will not be initialized successfully.
e.g.
This change can be verified on qrb5165-rb5 board. ETM4-ETM7 nodes
will not be visible without this change.
Signed-off-by: Tao Zhang <quic_taozha@quicinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1632477981-13632-2-git-send-email-quic_taozha@quicinc.com
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When the TRBE generates an IRQ, we stop the TRBE, collect the trace
and then reprogram the TRBE with the updated buffer pointers, whenever
possible. We might also leave the TRBE disabled, if there is not
enough space left in the buffer. However, we do not touch the ETE at
all during all of this. This means the ETE is only disabled when
the event is disabled later (via irq_work). This is incorrect, as the
ETE trace is still ON without actually being captured and may be routed
to the ATB (even if it is for a short duration).
So, we move the CPU into trace prohibited state always before disabling
the TRBE, upon entering the IRQ handler. The state is restored if the
TRBE is enabled back. Otherwise the trace remains prohibited.
Since, the ETM/ETE driver now controls the TRFCR_EL1 per session, the
tracing can be restored/enabled back when the event is rescheduled
in.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210923143919.2944311-6-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When we detect that there isn't enough space left to start a meaningful
session, we disable the TRBE, marking the buffer as TRUNCATED. But we delay
the notification to the perf layer by perf_aux_output_end() until the event
is scheduled out, triggered from the kernel perf layer. This will cause
significant black outs in the trace. Now that the CoreSight PMU layer can
handle a closed "AUX" handle properly, we can close the handle as soon as
we detect the case, allowing the userspace to collect and re-enable the
event.
Also, while in the IRQ handler, move the irq_work_run() after we have
updated the handle, to make sure the "TRUNCATED" flag causes the event to
be disabled as soon as possible.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210923143919.2944311-5-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The TRBE driver marks the AUX buffer as TRUNCATED when we get an IRQ
on FILL event. This has rather unwanted side-effect of the event
being disabled when there may be more space in the ring buffer.
So, instead of TRUNCATE we need a different flag to indicate
that the trace may have lost a few bytes (i.e from the point of
generating the FILL event until the IRQ is consumed). Anyways, the
userspace must use the size from RECORD_AUX headers to restrict
the "trace" decoding.
Using PARTIAL flag causes the perf tool to generate the
following warning:
Warning:
AUX data had gaps in it XX times out of YY!
Are you running a KVM guest in the background?
which is pointlessly scary for a user. The other remaining options
are :
- COLLISION - Use by SPE to indicate samples collided
- Add a new flag - Specifically for CoreSight, doesn't sound
so good, if we can re-use something.
Given that we don't already use the "COLLISION" flag, the above
behavior can be notified using this flag for CoreSight.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: James Clark <james.clark@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210923143919.2944311-4-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
On a spurious IRQ, right now we disable the TRBE and then re-enable
it back, resetting the "buffer" pointers(i.e BASE, LIMIT and more
importantly WRITE) to the original pointers from the AUX handle.
This implies that we overwrite any trace that was written so far,
(by overwriting TRBPTR) while we should have ignored the IRQ.
On detecting a spurious IRQ after examining the TRBSR we simply
re-enable the TRBE without touching the other parameters.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210923143919.2944311-3-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The IRQ handler of the TRBE driver could race against the update_buffer()
in consuming the IRQ. So, if the update_buffer() gets to processing the
TRBE irq, the TRBSR will be cleared. Thus by the time IRQ handler is
triggered, there is nothing to do there. Handle these cases and do not
disable the TRBE unnecessarily. Since the TRBSR can be read without
stopping the TRBE, we can check that before disabling the TRBE.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210923143919.2944311-2-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Unify the sequence of enabling the TRBE. We do this from
event_start and also from the TRBE IRQ handler. Lets move
this to a common helper. The only minor functional change
is returning an error when we fail to enable the TRBE.
This should be handled already.
Since we now have unique entry point to trying to enable TRBE,
move the format flag setting to the central place.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-9-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
We mark the buffer as TRUNCATED when there is no space left
in the buffer. But we do it at different points.
__trbe_normal_offset()
and also, at all the callers of the above function via
compute_trbe_buffer_limit(), when the limit == base (i.e
offset = 0 as returned by the __trbe_normal_offset()).
So, given that the callers already mark the buffer as TRUNCATED
drop the caller inside the __trbe_normal_offset().
This is in preparation to moving the handling of TRUNCATED
into a central place.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-6-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
[Moved comment as Anshuman requested]
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When the TRBE is stopped on truncating an event, we may not
set the FORMAT flag, even though the size of the record is 0.
Let us be consistent and not confuse the user.
To ensure that the format flag is always set on all the
records generated by TRBE, set the flag when we have a
new handle. Rather than deferring to the "end" operation,
which makes it clear. So, we can do this from
- arm_trbe_enable() -> When a new handle is provided by the
CoreSight PMU, triggered via etm_event_start()
- trbe_handle_overflow() -> When we begin a new handle after
closing the previous on overflow.
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-5-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
[Fixed inverted words in title]
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The ETM perf infrastructure closes out a handle during event_stop
or on an error in starting the event. In either case, it is possible
for a "sink" to update/close the handle, under certain circumstances.
(e.g no space in ring buffer.). So, ensure that we handle this
gracefully in the PMU driver by verifying the handle is still valid.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-4-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The Trace Filtering support (FEAT_TRF) ensures that the ETM
can be prohibited from generating any trace for a given EL.
This is much stricter knob, than the TRCVICTLR exception level
masks, which doesn't prevent the ETM from generating Context
packets for an "excluded" EL. At the moment, we do a onetime
enable trace at user and kernel and leave it untouched for the
kernel life time. This implies that the ETM could potentially
generate trace packets containing the kernel addresses, and
thus leaking the kernel virtual address in the trace.
This patch makes the switch dynamic, by honoring the filters
set by the user and enforcing them in the TRFCR controls.
We also rename the cpu_enable_tracing() appropriately to
cpu_detect_trace_filtering() and the drvdata member
trfc => trfcr to indicate the "value" of the TRFCR_EL1.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Al Grant <al.grant@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-3-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When the CPU enters a low power mode, the TRFCR_EL1 contents could be
reset. Thus we need to save/restore the TRFCR_EL1 along with the ETM4x
registers to allow the tracing.
The TRFCR related helpers are in a new header file, as we need to use
them for TRBE in the later patches.
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210914102641.1852544-2-suzuki.poulose@arm.com
[Fixed cosmetic details]
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When a traced process runs on a CPU that can't reach the selected sink,
the event will be stopped with PERF_HES_STOPPED. This means that even if
the process migrates to a valid CPU, tracing will not resume.
This can be reproduced (on N1SDP) by using taskset to start the process
on CPU 0, and then switching it to CPU 2 (ETF 1 is only reachable from
CPU 2):
taskset --cpu-list 0 ./perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etf1/ --per-thread -- taskset --cpu-list 2 ls
This produces a single 0 length AUX record, and then no more trace:
0x3c8 [0x30]: PERF_RECORD_AUX offset: 0 size: 0 flags: 0x1 [T]
After the fix, the same command produces normal AUX records. The perf
self test "89: Check Arm CoreSight trace data recording and synthesized
samples" no longer fails intermittently. This was because the taskset in
the test is after the fork, so there is a period where the task is
scheduled on a random CPU rather than forced to a valid one.
Specifically selecting an invalid CPU will still result in a failure to
open the event because it will never produce trace:
./perf record -C 2 -e cs_etm/@tmc_etf0/
failed to mmap with 12 (Cannot allocate memory)
The only scenario that has changed is if the CPU mask has a valid CPU
sink combo in it.
Testing
=======
* Coresight self test passes consistently:
./perf test Coresight
* CPU wide mode still produces trace:
./perf record -e cs_etm// -a
* Invalid -C options still fail to open:
./perf record -C 2,3 -e cs_etm/@tmc_etf0/
failed to mmap with 12 (Cannot allocate memory)
* Migrating a task to a valid sink/CPU now produces trace:
taskset --cpu-list 0 ./perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etf1/ --per-thread -- taskset --cpu-list 2 ls
* If the task remains on an invalid CPU, no trace is emitted:
taskset --cpu-list 0 ./perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etf1/ --per-thread -- ls
Reviewed-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Clark <james.clark@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210922125144.133872-2-james.clark@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The AUX bounce buffer is allocated with API dma_alloc_coherent(), in the
low level's architecture code, e.g. for Arm64, it maps the memory with
the attribution "Normal non-cacheable"; this can be concluded from the
definition for pgprot_dmacoherent() in arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h.
Later when access the AUX bounce buffer, since the memory mapping is
non-cacheable, it's low efficiency due to every load instruction must
reach out DRAM.
This patch changes to allocate pages with dma_alloc_noncoherent(), the
driver can access the memory via cacheable mapping; therefore, load
instructions can fetch data from cache lines rather than always read
data from DRAM, the driver can boost memory performance. After using
the cacheable mapping, the driver uses dma_sync_single_for_cpu() to
invalidate cacheline prior to read bounce buffer so can avoid read stale
trace data.
By measurement the duration for function tmc_update_etr_buffer() with
ftrace function_graph tracer, it shows the performance significant
improvement for copying 4MiB data from bounce buffer:
# echo tmc_etr_get_data_flat_buf > set_graph_notrace // avoid noise
# echo tmc_update_etr_buffer > set_graph_function
# echo function_graph > current_tracer
before:
# CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
# | | | | | | |
2) | tmc_update_etr_buffer() {
...
2) # 8148.320 us | }
after:
# CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS
# | | | | | | |
2) | tmc_update_etr_buffer() {
...
2) # 2525.420 us | }
Signed-off-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210905032144.966766-1-leo.yan@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Commit 2f01c200d4 ("perf cs-etm: Remove callback cs_etm_find_snapshot()")
has removed the function cs_etm_find_snapshot() from the perf tool in the
user space, now CoreSight trace directly uses the perf common function
__auxtrace_mmap__read() to calcualte the head and size for AUX trace data
in snapshot mode.
This patch updates the comments in drivers to make them generic and not
stick to any specific function from perf tool.
Signed-off-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210912125748.2816606-3-leo.yan@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
When enable the Arm CoreSight PMU event, the context for AUX ring buffer
is prepared in the structure perf_output_handle, and its field "head"
points the head of the AUX ring buffer and it is updated after filling
AUX trace data into buffer.
Current code uses an extra field etr_perf_buffer::head to maintain the
header for the AUX ring buffer which is not necessary; alternatively,
it's better to directly use perf_output_handle::head.
This patch removes the field etr_perf_buffer::head and directly uses
perf_output_handle::head for the head of AUX ring buffer.
Signed-off-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210912125748.2816606-2-leo.yan@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Since the function CS_LOCK() has contained memory barrier mb(), it
ensures the visibility of the AUX trace data before updating the
aux_head, thus it's needless to add any explicit barrier anymore.
Add comment to make clear for the barrier usage for ETF.
Signed-off-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210809111407.596077-4-leo.yan@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Since a memory barrier is required between AUX trace data store and
aux_head store, and the AUX trace data is filled with memcpy(), it's
sufficient to use smp_wmb() so can ensure the trace data is visible
prior to updating aux_head.
Signed-off-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210809111407.596077-3-leo.yan@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The current driver sets the write burst size initiated by TMC-ETR on
AXI bus to a fixed value of 16. Make this configurable by reading the
value specified in fwnode. If not specified, then default to 16.
Introduced a "max_burst_size" variable in tmc_drvdata structure to
facilitate this change.
Signed-off-by: Tanmay Jagdale <tanmay@marvell.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210901131049.1365367-3-tanmay@marvell.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Debugfs is nice and so are module parameters, but
* debugfs doesn't take effect early (e.g., if drivers are locking up
before user space gets anywhere)
* module parameters either add a lot to the kernel command line, or
else take effect late as well (if you build =m and configure in
/etc/modprobe.d/)
So in the same spirit as these
CONFIG_PANIC_ON_OOPS (also available via cmdline or modparam)
CONFIG_INTEL_IOMMU_DEFAULT_ON (also available via cmdline)
add a new Kconfig option.
Module parameters and debugfs can still override.
Signed-off-by: Brian Norris <briannorris@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
[Fixed missing double quote in Kconfig title]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210903182839.1.I20856983f2841b78936134dcf9cdf6ecafe632b9@changeid
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
The input parameter of the function pm_runtime_put should be the
same in the function cti_enable_hw and cti_disable_hw. The correct
parameter to use here should be dev->parent.
Signed-off-by: Tao Zhang <quic_taozha@quicinc.com>
Reviewed-by: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Fixes: 835d722ba1 ("coresight: cti: Initial CoreSight CTI Driver")
Cc: stable <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1629365377-5937-1-git-send-email-quic_taozha@quicinc.com
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Here is the big set of driver core patches for 5.15-rc1.
These do change a number of different things across different
subsystems, and because of that, there were 2 stable tags created that
might have already come into your tree from different pulls that did the
following
- changed the bus remove callback to return void
- sysfs iomem_get_mapping rework
The latter one will cause a tiny merge issue with your tree, as there
was a last-minute fix for this in 5.14 in your tree, but the fixup
should be "obvious". If you want me to provide a fixed merge for this,
please let me know.
Other than those two things, there's only a few small things in here:
- kernfs performance improvements for huge numbers of sysfs
users at once
- tiny api cleanups
- other minor changes
All of these have been in linux-next for a while with no reported
problems, other than the before-mentioned merge issue.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Merge tag 'driver-core-5.15-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
Pull driver core updates from Greg KH:
"Here is the big set of driver core patches for 5.15-rc1.
These do change a number of different things across different
subsystems, and because of that, there were 2 stable tags created that
might have already come into your tree from different pulls that did
the following
- changed the bus remove callback to return void
- sysfs iomem_get_mapping rework
Other than those two things, there's only a few small things in here:
- kernfs performance improvements for huge numbers of sysfs users at
once
- tiny api cleanups
- other minor changes
All of these have been in linux-next for a while with no reported
problems, other than the before-mentioned merge issue"
* tag 'driver-core-5.15-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core: (33 commits)
MAINTAINERS: Add dri-devel for component.[hc]
driver core: platform: Remove platform_device_add_properties()
ARM: tegra: paz00: Handle device properties with software node API
bitmap: extend comment to bitmap_print_bitmask/list_to_buf
drivers/base/node.c: use bin_attribute to break the size limitation of cpumap ABI
topology: use bin_attribute to break the size limitation of cpumap ABI
lib: test_bitmap: add bitmap_print_bitmask/list_to_buf test cases
cpumask: introduce cpumap_print_list/bitmask_to_buf to support large bitmask and list
sysfs: Rename struct bin_attribute member to f_mapping
sysfs: Invoke iomem_get_mapping() from the sysfs open callback
debugfs: Return error during {full/open}_proxy_open() on rmmod
zorro: Drop useless (and hardly used) .driver member in struct zorro_dev
zorro: Simplify remove callback
sh: superhyway: Simplify check in remove callback
nubus: Simplify check in remove callback
nubus: Make struct nubus_driver::remove return void
kernfs: dont call d_splice_alias() under kernfs node lock
kernfs: use i_lock to protect concurrent inode updates
kernfs: switch kernfs to use an rwsem
kernfs: use VFS negative dentry caching
...
The functions get_online_cpus() and put_online_cpus() have been
deprecated during the CPU hotplug rework. They map directly to
cpus_read_lock() and cpus_read_unlock().
Replace deprecated CPU-hotplug functions with the official version.
The behavior remains unchanged.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210803141621.780504-15-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Cc: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Cc: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Cc: Leo Yan <leo.yan@linaro.org>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: coresight@lists.linaro.org
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210818194022.379573-12-mathieu.poirier@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Adds configfs subsystem and attributes to the configuration manager
to enable the listing of loaded configurations and features.
The default values of feature parameters can be accessed and altered
from these attributes to affect all installed devices using the feature.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210723165444.1048-10-mike.leach@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210818194022.379573-10-mathieu.poirier@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Preload set of configurations.
This patch creates a small set of preloaded configurations and features
that are available immediately after coresight has been initialised.
The current set provides a strobing feature for ETMv4, that creates a
periodic sampling of trace by switching trace generation on and off
using counters in the ETM.
A configuration called "autofdo" is also provided that uses the 'strobing'
feature and provides a couple of preset values, selectable on the perf
command line.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210723165444.1048-9-mike.leach@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210818194022.379573-9-mathieu.poirier@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
API for individual devices to register with the syscfg management
system is added.
Devices register with matching information, and any features or
configurations that match will be loaded into the device.
The feature and configuration loading is extended so that on load these
are loaded into any currently registered devices. This allows
configuration loading after devices have been registered.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210723165444.1048-3-mike.leach@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210818194022.379573-3-mathieu.poirier@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Creates an system management API to allow complex configurations and
features to be programmed into a CoreSight infrastructure.
A feature is defined as a programming set for a device or class of
devices.
A configuration is a set of features across the system that are enabled
for a trace session.
The API will manage system wide configuration, and allow complex
programmed features to be added to individual device instances, and
provide for system wide configuration selection on trace capture
operations.
This patch creates the initial data object and the initial API for
loading configurations and features.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210723165444.1048-2-mike.leach@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Mike Leach <mike.leach@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210818194022.379573-2-mathieu.poirier@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
The driver core ignores the return value of this callback because there
is only little it can do when a device disappears.
This is the final bit of a long lasting cleanup quest where several
buses were converted to also return void from their remove callback.
Additionally some resource leaks were fixed that were caused by drivers
returning an error code in the expectation that the driver won't go
away.
With struct bus_type::remove returning void it's prevented that newly
implemented buses return an ignored error code and so don't anticipate
wrong expectations for driver authors.
Reviewed-by: Tom Rix <trix@redhat.com> (For fpga)
Reviewed-by: Mathieu Poirier <mathieu.poirier@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Cornelia Huck <cohuck@redhat.com> (For drivers/s390 and drivers/vfio)
Acked-by: Russell King (Oracle) <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> (For ARM, Amba and related parts)
Acked-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Chen-Yu Tsai <wens@csie.org> (for sunxi-rsb)
Acked-by: Pali Rohár <pali@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@kernel.org> (for media)
Acked-by: Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com> (For drivers/platform)
Acked-by: Alexandre Belloni <alexandre.belloni@bootlin.com>
Acked-By: Vinod Koul <vkoul@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com> (For xen)
Acked-by: Lee Jones <lee.jones@linaro.org> (For mfd)
Acked-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jth@kernel.org> (For mcb)
Acked-by: Johan Hovold <johan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Srinivas Kandagatla <srinivas.kandagatla@linaro.org> (For slimbus)
Acked-by: Kirti Wankhede <kwankhede@nvidia.com> (For vfio)
Acked-by: Maximilian Luz <luzmaximilian@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Heikki Krogerus <heikki.krogerus@linux.intel.com> (For ulpi and typec)
Acked-by: Samuel Iglesias Gonsálvez <siglesias@igalia.com> (For ipack)
Acked-by: Geoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org> (For ps3)
Acked-by: Yehezkel Bernat <YehezkelShB@gmail.com> (For thunderbolt)
Acked-by: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com> (For intel_th)
Acked-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net> (For pcmcia)
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael@kernel.org> (For ACPI)
Acked-by: Bjorn Andersson <bjorn.andersson@linaro.org> (rpmsg and apr)
Acked-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com> (For intel-ish-hid)
Acked-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> (For CXL, DAX, and NVDIMM)
Acked-by: William Breathitt Gray <vilhelm.gray@gmail.com> (For isa)
Acked-by: Stefan Richter <stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de> (For firewire)
Acked-by: Benjamin Tissoires <benjamin.tissoires@redhat.com> (For hid)
Acked-by: Thorsten Scherer <t.scherer@eckelmann.de> (For siox)
Acked-by: Sven Van Asbroeck <TheSven73@gmail.com> (For anybuss)
Acked-by: Ulf Hansson <ulf.hansson@linaro.org> (For MMC)
Acked-by: Wolfram Sang <wsa@kernel.org> # for I2C
Acked-by: Sudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dmitry.torokhov@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Finn Thain <fthain@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210713193522.1770306-6-u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Here is the big set of char / misc and other driver subsystem updates
for 5.14-rc1. Included in here are:
- habanna driver updates
- fsl-mc driver updates
- comedi driver updates
- fpga driver updates
- extcon driver updates
- interconnect driver updates
- mei driver updates
- nvmem driver updates
- phy driver updates
- pnp driver updates
- soundwire driver updates
- lots of other tiny driver updates for char and misc drivers
This is looking more and more like the "various driver subsystems mushed
together" tree...
All of these have been in linux-next for a while with no reported
issues.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Merge tag 'char-misc-5.14-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc
Pull char / misc driver updates from Greg KH:
"Here is the big set of char / misc and other driver subsystem updates
for 5.14-rc1. Included in here are:
- habanalabs driver updates
- fsl-mc driver updates
- comedi driver updates
- fpga driver updates
- extcon driver updates
- interconnect driver updates
- mei driver updates
- nvmem driver updates
- phy driver updates
- pnp driver updates
- soundwire driver updates
- lots of other tiny driver updates for char and misc drivers
This is looking more and more like the "various driver subsystems
mushed together" tree...
All of these have been in linux-next for a while with no reported
issues"
* tag 'char-misc-5.14-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc: (292 commits)
mcb: Use DEFINE_RES_MEM() helper macro and fix the end address
PNP: moved EXPORT_SYMBOL so that it immediately followed its function/variable
bus: mhi: pci-generic: Add missing 'pci_disable_pcie_error_reporting()' calls
bus: mhi: Wait for M2 state during system resume
bus: mhi: core: Fix power down latency
intel_th: Wait until port is in reset before programming it
intel_th: msu: Make contiguous buffers uncached
intel_th: Remove an unused exit point from intel_th_remove()
stm class: Spelling fix
nitro_enclaves: Set Bus Master for the NE PCI device
misc: ibmasm: Modify matricies to matrices
misc: vmw_vmci: return the correct errno code
siox: Simplify error handling via dev_err_probe()
fpga: machxo2-spi: Address warning about unused variable
lkdtm/heap: Add init_on_alloc tests
selftests/lkdtm: Enable various testable CONFIGs
lkdtm: Add CONFIG hints in errors where possible
lkdtm: Enable DOUBLE_FAULT on all architectures
lkdtm/heap: Add vmalloc linear overflow test
lkdtm/bugs: XFAIL UNALIGNED_LOAD_STORE_WRITE
...
kernel.h is being used as a dump for all kinds of stuff for a long time.
Here is the attempt to start cleaning it up by splitting out panic and
oops helpers.
There are several purposes of doing this:
- dropping dependency in bug.h
- dropping a loop by moving out panic_notifier.h
- unload kernel.h from something which has its own domain
At the same time convert users tree-wide to use new headers, although for
the time being include new header back to kernel.h to avoid twisted
indirected includes for existing users.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: thread_info.h needs limits.h]
[andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com: ia64 fix]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210520130557.55277-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210511074137.33666-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Bjorn Andersson <bjorn.andersson@linaro.org>
Co-developed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Corey Minyard <cminyard@mvista.com>
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Wei Liu <wei.liu@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Sebastian Reichel <sre@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Thomas Bogendoerfer <tsbogend@alpha.franken.de>
Acked-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> # parisc
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some devices don't drain their pipelines if we don't make sure that
the corresponding output port is in reset before programming it for
a new trace capture, resulting in bits of old trace appearing in the
new trace capture. Fix that by explicitly making sure the reset is
asserted before programming new trace capture.
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210621151246.31891-5-alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
We already keep the multiblock mode buffers uncached, but forget the
single mode. Address this.
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210621151246.31891-4-alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
As described in the added comment device_for_each_child() never returns
a non-zero value. So remove the corresponding error check.
This simplifies the quest to make struct bus_type::remove() return void.
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <u.kleine-koenig@pengutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210621151246.31891-3-alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
