Commit Graph

135 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Johannes Weiner
4c6355b25e mm: memcontrol: charge swapin pages on instantiation
Right now, users that are otherwise memory controlled can easily escape
their containment and allocate significant amounts of memory that they're
not being charged for.  That's because swap readahead pages are not being
charged until somebody actually faults them into their page table.  This
can be exploited with MADV_WILLNEED, which triggers arbitrary readahead
allocations without charging the pages.

There are additional problems with the delayed charging of swap pages:

1. To implement refault/workingset detection for anonymous pages, we
   need to have a target LRU available at swapin time, but the LRU is not
   determinable until the page has been charged.

2. To implement per-cgroup LRU locking, we need page->mem_cgroup to be
   stable when the page is isolated from the LRU; otherwise, the locks
   change under us.  But swapcache gets charged after it's already on the
   LRU, and even if we cannot isolate it ourselves (since charging is not
   exactly optional).

The previous patch ensured we always maintain cgroup ownership records for
swap pages.  This patch moves the swapcache charging point from the fault
handler to swapin time to fix all of the above problems.

v2: simplify swapin error checking (Joonsoo)

[hughd@google.com: fix livelock in __read_swap_cache_async()]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.LSU.2.11.2005212246080.8458@eggly.anvils
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Alex Shi <alex.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200508183105.225460-17-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2020-06-03 20:09:48 -07:00
Qian Cai
d6c1f098f2 mm/swap_state: fix a data race in swapin_nr_pages
"prev_offset" is a static variable in swapin_nr_pages() that can be
accessed concurrently with only mmap_sem held in read mode as noticed by
KCSAN,

 BUG: KCSAN: data-race in swap_cluster_readahead / swap_cluster_readahead

 write to 0xffffffff92763830 of 8 bytes by task 14795 on cpu 17:
  swap_cluster_readahead+0x2a6/0x5e0
  swapin_readahead+0x92/0x8dc
  do_swap_page+0x49b/0xf20
  __handle_mm_fault+0xcfb/0xd70
  handle_mm_fault+0xfc/0x2f0
  do_page_fault+0x263/0x715
  page_fault+0x34/0x40

 1 lock held by (dnf)/14795:
  #0: ffff897bd2e98858 (&mm->mmap_sem#2){++++}-{3:3}, at: do_page_fault+0x143/0x715
  do_user_addr_fault at arch/x86/mm/fault.c:1405
  (inlined by) do_page_fault at arch/x86/mm/fault.c:1535
 irq event stamp: 83493
 count_memcg_event_mm+0x1a6/0x270
 count_memcg_event_mm+0x119/0x270
 __do_softirq+0x365/0x589
 irq_exit+0xa2/0xc0

 read to 0xffffffff92763830 of 8 bytes by task 1 on cpu 22:
  swap_cluster_readahead+0xfd/0x5e0
  swapin_readahead+0x92/0x8dc
  do_swap_page+0x49b/0xf20
  __handle_mm_fault+0xcfb/0xd70
  handle_mm_fault+0xfc/0x2f0
  do_page_fault+0x263/0x715
  page_fault+0x34/0x40

 1 lock held by systemd/1:
  #0: ffff897c38f14858 (&mm->mmap_sem#2){++++}-{3:3}, at: do_page_fault+0x143/0x715
 irq event stamp: 43530289
 count_memcg_event_mm+0x1a6/0x270
 count_memcg_event_mm+0x119/0x270
 __do_softirq+0x365/0x589
 irq_exit+0xa2/0xc0

Signed-off-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200402213748.2237-1-cai@lca.pw
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2020-06-02 10:59:08 -07:00
Wei Yang
cb77445132 mm/swap_state.c: use the same way to count page in [add_to|delete_from]_swap_cache
add_to_swap_cache() and delete_from_swap_cache() are counterparts, while
currently they use different ways to count pages.

It doesn't break anything because we only have two sizes for PageAnon, but
this is confusing and not good practice.

This patch corrects it by making both functions use hpage_nr_pages().

Signed-off-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200315012920.2687-1-richard.weiyang@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2020-04-02 09:35:28 -07:00
Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)
4101196b19 mm: page cache: store only head pages in i_pages
Transparent Huge Pages are currently stored in i_pages as pointers to
consecutive subpages.  This patch changes that to storing consecutive
pointers to the head page in preparation for storing huge pages more
efficiently in i_pages.

Large parts of this are "inspired" by Kirill's patch
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20170126115819.58875-2-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com/

Kirill and Huang Ying contributed several fixes.

[willy@infradead.org: use compound_nr, squish uninit-var warning]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190731210400.7419-1-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Kirill Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Reviewed-by: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Tested-by: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Tested-by: William Kucharski <william.kucharski@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: William Kucharski <william.kucharski@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Tested-by: Mikhail Gavrilov <mikhail.v.gavrilov@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk>
Cc: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-09-24 15:54:08 -07:00
Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)
d8c6546b1a mm: introduce compound_nr()
Replace 1 << compound_order(page) with compound_nr(page).  Minor
improvements in readability.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190721104612.19120-4-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-09-24 15:54:08 -07:00
Huang Ying
054f1d1faa mm/swap_state.c: simplify total_swapcache_pages() with get_swap_device()
total_swapcache_pages() may race with swapper_spaces[] allocation and
freeing.  Previously, this is protected with a swapper_spaces[] specific
RCU mechanism.  To simplify the logic/code complexity, it is replaced with
get/put_swap_device().  The code line number is reduced too.  Although not
so important, the swapoff() performance improves too because one
synchronize_rcu() call during swapoff() is deleted.

[ying.huang@intel.com: fix bad swap file entry warning]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190531024102.21723-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190527082714.12151-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Jiang <dave.jiang@intel.com>
Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-07-12 11:05:43 -07:00
Huang Ying
eb085574a7 mm, swap: fix race between swapoff and some swap operations
When swapin is performed, after getting the swap entry information from
the page table, system will swap in the swap entry, without any lock held
to prevent the swap device from being swapoff.  This may cause the race
like below,

CPU 1				CPU 2
-----				-----
				do_swap_page
				  swapin_readahead
				    __read_swap_cache_async
swapoff				      swapcache_prepare
  p->swap_map = NULL		        __swap_duplicate
					  p->swap_map[?] /* !!! NULL pointer access */

Because swapoff is usually done when system shutdown only, the race may
not hit many people in practice.  But it is still a race need to be fixed.

To fix the race, get_swap_device() is added to check whether the specified
swap entry is valid in its swap device.  If so, it will keep the swap
entry valid via preventing the swap device from being swapoff, until
put_swap_device() is called.

Because swapoff() is very rare code path, to make the normal path runs as
fast as possible, rcu_read_lock/unlock() and synchronize_rcu() instead of
reference count is used to implement get/put_swap_device().  >From
get_swap_device() to put_swap_device(), RCU reader side is locked, so
synchronize_rcu() in swapoff() will wait until put_swap_device() is
called.

In addition to swap_map, cluster_info, etc.  data structure in the struct
swap_info_struct, the swap cache radix tree will be freed after swapoff,
so this patch fixes the race between swap cache looking up and swapoff
too.

Races between some other swap cache usages and swapoff are fixed too via
calling synchronize_rcu() between clearing PageSwapCache() and freeing
swap cache data structure.

Another possible method to fix this is to use preempt_off() +
stop_machine() to prevent the swap device from being swapoff when its data
structure is being accessed.  The overhead in hot-path of both methods is
similar.  The advantages of RCU based method are,

1. stop_machine() may disturb the normal execution code path on other
   CPUs.

2. File cache uses RCU to protect its radix tree.  If the similar
   mechanism is used for swap cache too, it is easier to share code
   between them.

3. RCU is used to protect swap cache in total_swapcache_pages() and
   exit_swap_address_space() already.  The two mechanisms can be
   merged to simplify the logic.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190522015423.14418-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Fixes: 235b621767 ("mm/swap: add cluster lock")
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Not-nacked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Jiang <dave.jiang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-07-12 11:05:43 -07:00
Linus Torvalds
69bf4b6b54 Revert "mm: page cache: store only head pages in i_pages"
This reverts commit 5fd4ca2d84.

Mikhail Gavrilov reports that it causes the VM_BUG_ON_PAGE() in
__delete_from_swap_cache() to trigger:

   page:ffffd6d34dff0000 refcount:1 mapcount:1 mapping:ffff97812323a689 index:0xfecec363
   anon
   flags: 0x17fffe00080034(uptodate|lru|active|swapbacked)
   raw: 0017fffe00080034 ffffd6d34c67c508 ffffd6d3504b8d48 ffff97812323a689
   raw: 00000000fecec363 0000000000000000 0000000100000000 ffff978433ace000
   page dumped because: VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(entry != page)
   page->mem_cgroup:ffff978433ace000
   ------------[ cut here ]------------
   kernel BUG at mm/swap_state.c:170!
   invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI
   CPU: 1 PID: 221 Comm: kswapd0 Not tainted 5.2.0-0.rc2.git0.1.fc31.x86_64 #1
   Hardware name: System manufacturer System Product Name/ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING, BIOS 2202 04/11/2019
   RIP: 0010:__delete_from_swap_cache+0x20d/0x240
   Code: 30 65 48 33 04 25 28 00 00 00 75 4a 48 83 c4 38 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 48 c7 c6 2f dc 0f 8a 48 89 c7 e8 93 1b fd ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c6 a8 74 0f 8a e8 85 1b fd ff 0f 0b 48 c7 c6 a8 7d 0f
   RSP: 0018:ffffa982036e7980 EFLAGS: 00010046
   RAX: 0000000000000021 RBX: 0000000000000040 RCX: 0000000000000006
   RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000086 RDI: ffff97843d657900
   RBP: 0000000000000001 R08: ffffa982036e7835 R09: 0000000000000535
   R10: ffff97845e21a46c R11: ffffa982036e7835 R12: ffff978426387120
   R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffd6d34dff0040 R15: ffffd6d34dff0000
   FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff97843d640000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
   CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
   CR2: 00002cba88ef5000 CR3: 000000078a97c000 CR4: 00000000003406e0
   Call Trace:
    delete_from_swap_cache+0x46/0xa0
    try_to_free_swap+0xbc/0x110
    swap_writepage+0x13/0x70
    pageout.isra.0+0x13c/0x350
    shrink_page_list+0xc14/0xdf0
    shrink_inactive_list+0x1e5/0x3c0
    shrink_node_memcg+0x202/0x760
    shrink_node+0xe0/0x470
    balance_pgdat+0x2d1/0x510
    kswapd+0x220/0x420
    kthread+0xfb/0x130
    ret_from_fork+0x22/0x40

and it's not immediately obvious why it happens.  It's too late in the
rc cycle to do anything but revert for now.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CABXGCsN9mYmBD-4GaaeW_NrDu+FDXLzr_6x+XNxfmFV6QkYCDg@mail.gmail.com/
Reported-and-bisected-by: Mikhail Gavrilov <mikhail.v.gavrilov@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Kirill Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: William Kucharski <william.kucharski@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-07-05 19:55:18 -07:00
Matthew Wilcox
5fd4ca2d84 mm: page cache: store only head pages in i_pages
Transparent Huge Pages are currently stored in i_pages as pointers to
consecutive subpages.  This patch changes that to storing consecutive
pointers to the head page in preparation for storing huge pages more
efficiently in i_pages.

Large parts of this are "inspired" by Kirill's patch
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20170126115819.58875-2-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com/

[willy@infradead.org: fix swapcache pages]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190324155441.GF10344@bombadil.infradead.org
[kirill@shutemov.name: hugetlb stores pages in page cache differently]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190404134553.vuvhgmghlkiw2hgl@kshutemo-mobl1
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190307153051.18815-1-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Kirill Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Reviewed-and-tested-by: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Tested-by: William Kucharski <william.kucharski@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: William Kucharski <william.kucharski@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Song Liu <liu.song.a23@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-05-14 09:47:45 -07:00
Yang Shi
e9f598730e mm: swap: add comment for swap_vma_readahead
swap_vma_readahead()'s comment is missing, just add it.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1546543673-108536-2-git-send-email-yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-03-05 21:07:16 -08:00
Yang Shi
8fd2e0b505 mm: swap: check if swap backing device is congested or not
Swap readahead would read in a few pages regardless if the underlying
device is busy or not.  It may incur long waiting time if the device is
congested, and it may also exacerbate the congestion.

Use inode_read_congested() to check if the underlying device is busy or
not like what file page readahead does.  Get inode from
swap_info_struct.

Although we can add inode information in swap_address_space
(address_space->host), it may lead some unexpected side effect, i.e.  it
may break mapping_cap_account_dirty().  Using inode from
swap_info_struct seems simple and good enough.

Just does the check in vma_cluster_readahead() since
swap_vma_readahead() is just used for non-rotational device which much
less likely has congestion than traditional HDD.

Although swap slots may be consecutive on swap partition, it still may
be fragmented on swap file.  This check would help to reduce excessive
stall for such case.

The test with page_fault1 of will-it-scale (sometimes tracing may just
show runtest.py that is the wrapper script of page_fault1), which
basically launches NR_CPU threads to generate 128MB anonymous pages for
each thread, on my virtual machine with congested HDD shows long tail
latency is reduced significantly.

Without the patch
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.311706: funcgraph_entry:      #57377.796 us |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.369103: funcgraph_entry:        5.642us   |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.369119: funcgraph_entry:      #1289.592 us |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.370411: funcgraph_entry:        4.957us   |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.370419: funcgraph_entry:        1.940us   |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.378847: funcgraph_entry:      #1411.385 us |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.380262: funcgraph_entry:        3.916us   |  do_swap_page();
 page_fault1_thr-1490  [023]   129.380275: funcgraph_entry:      #4287.751 us |  do_swap_page();

With the patch
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.925911: funcgraph_entry:      #9870.146 us |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935785: funcgraph_entry:        9.802us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935799: funcgraph_entry:        3.551us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935806: funcgraph_entry:        2.142us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935853: funcgraph_entry:        6.938us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935864: funcgraph_entry:        3.765us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935871: funcgraph_entry:        3.600us   |  do_swap_page();
      runtest.py-1417  [020]   301.935878: funcgraph_entry:        7.202us   |  do_swap_page();

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: code cleanup]
[yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com: add comment]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/bbc7bda7-62d0-df1a-23ef-d369e865bdca@linux.alibaba.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1546543673-108536-1-git-send-email-yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-03-05 21:07:16 -08:00
Linus Torvalds
dad4f140ed Merge branch 'xarray' of git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/linux-dax
Pull XArray conversion from Matthew Wilcox:
 "The XArray provides an improved interface to the radix tree data
  structure, providing locking as part of the API, specifying GFP flags
  at allocation time, eliminating preloading, less re-walking the tree,
  more efficient iterations and not exposing RCU-protected pointers to
  its users.

  This patch set

   1. Introduces the XArray implementation

   2. Converts the pagecache to use it

   3. Converts memremap to use it

  The page cache is the most complex and important user of the radix
  tree, so converting it was most important. Converting the memremap
  code removes the only other user of the multiorder code, which allows
  us to remove the radix tree code that supported it.

  I have 40+ followup patches to convert many other users of the radix
  tree over to the XArray, but I'd like to get this part in first. The
  other conversions haven't been in linux-next and aren't suitable for
  applying yet, but you can see them in the xarray-conv branch if you're
  interested"

* 'xarray' of git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/linux-dax: (90 commits)
  radix tree: Remove multiorder support
  radix tree test: Convert multiorder tests to XArray
  radix tree tests: Convert item_delete_rcu to XArray
  radix tree tests: Convert item_kill_tree to XArray
  radix tree tests: Move item_insert_order
  radix tree test suite: Remove multiorder benchmarking
  radix tree test suite: Remove __item_insert
  memremap: Convert to XArray
  xarray: Add range store functionality
  xarray: Move multiorder_check to in-kernel tests
  xarray: Move multiorder_shrink to kernel tests
  xarray: Move multiorder account test in-kernel
  radix tree test suite: Convert iteration test to XArray
  radix tree test suite: Convert tag_tagged_items to XArray
  radix tree: Remove radix_tree_clear_tags
  radix tree: Remove radix_tree_maybe_preload_order
  radix tree: Remove split/join code
  radix tree: Remove radix_tree_update_node_t
  page cache: Finish XArray conversion
  dax: Convert page fault handlers to XArray
  ...
2018-10-28 11:35:40 -07:00
Johannes Weiner
1899ad18c6 mm: workingset: tell cache transitions from workingset thrashing
Refaults happen during transitions between workingsets as well as in-place
thrashing.  Knowing the difference between the two has a range of
applications, including measuring the impact of memory shortage on the
system performance, as well as the ability to smarter balance pressure
between the filesystem cache and the swap-backed workingset.

During workingset transitions, inactive cache refaults and pushes out
established active cache.  When that active cache isn't stale, however,
and also ends up refaulting, that's bonafide thrashing.

Introduce a new page flag that tells on eviction whether the page has been
active or not in its lifetime.  This bit is then stored in the shadow
entry, to classify refaults as transitioning or thrashing.

How many page->flags does this leave us with on 32-bit?

	20 bits are always page flags

	21 if you have an MMU

	23 with the zone bits for DMA, Normal, HighMem, Movable

	29 with the sparsemem section bits

	30 if PAE is enabled

	31 with this patch.

So on 32-bit PAE, that leaves 1 bit for distinguishing two NUMA nodes.  If
that's not enough, the system can switch to discontigmem and re-gain the 6
or 7 sparsemem section bits.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180828172258.3185-3-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Daniel Drake <drake@endlessm.com>
Tested-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@fb.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Enderborg <peter.enderborg@sony.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 16:26:32 -07:00
Matthew Wilcox
a283348629 page cache: Finish XArray conversion
With no more radix tree API users left, we can drop the GFP flags
and use xa_init() instead of INIT_RADIX_TREE().

Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
2018-10-21 10:46:44 -04:00
Matthew Wilcox
4e17ec250f mm: Convert delete_from_swap_cache to XArray
Both callers of __delete_from_swap_cache have the swp_entry_t already,
so pass that in to make constructing the XA_STATE easier.

Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
2018-10-21 10:46:37 -04:00
Matthew Wilcox
8d93b41c09 mm: Convert add_to_swap_cache to XArray
Combine __add_to_swap_cache and add_to_swap_cache into one function
since there is no more need to preload.

Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
2018-10-21 10:46:37 -04:00
Kees Cook
778e1cdd81 treewide: kvzalloc() -> kvcalloc()
The kvzalloc() function has a 2-factor argument form, kvcalloc(). This
patch replaces cases of:

        kvzalloc(a * b, gfp)

with:
        kvcalloc(a * b, gfp)

as well as handling cases of:

        kvzalloc(a * b * c, gfp)

with:

        kvzalloc(array3_size(a, b, c), gfp)

as it's slightly less ugly than:

        kvcalloc(array_size(a, b), c, gfp)

This does, however, attempt to ignore constant size factors like:

        kvzalloc(4 * 1024, gfp)

though any constants defined via macros get caught up in the conversion.

Any factors with a sizeof() of "unsigned char", "char", and "u8" were
dropped, since they're redundant.

The Coccinelle script used for this was:

// Fix redundant parens around sizeof().
@@
type TYPE;
expression THING, E;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(
-	(sizeof(TYPE)) * E
+	sizeof(TYPE) * E
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(sizeof(THING)) * E
+	sizeof(THING) * E
  , ...)
)

// Drop single-byte sizes and redundant parens.
@@
expression COUNT;
typedef u8;
typedef __u8;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(u8) * (COUNT)
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(__u8) * (COUNT)
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(char) * (COUNT)
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(unsigned char) * (COUNT)
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(u8) * COUNT
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(__u8) * COUNT
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(char) * COUNT
+	COUNT
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(unsigned char) * COUNT
+	COUNT
  , ...)
)

// 2-factor product with sizeof(type/expression) and identifier or constant.
@@
type TYPE;
expression THING;
identifier COUNT_ID;
constant COUNT_CONST;
@@

(
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * (COUNT_ID)
+	COUNT_ID, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * COUNT_ID
+	COUNT_ID, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * (COUNT_CONST)
+	COUNT_CONST, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * COUNT_CONST
+	COUNT_CONST, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * (COUNT_ID)
+	COUNT_ID, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * COUNT_ID
+	COUNT_ID, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * (COUNT_CONST)
+	COUNT_CONST, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * COUNT_CONST
+	COUNT_CONST, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
)

// 2-factor product, only identifiers.
@@
identifier SIZE, COUNT;
@@

- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	SIZE * COUNT
+	COUNT, SIZE
  , ...)

// 3-factor product with 1 sizeof(type) or sizeof(expression), with
// redundant parens removed.
@@
expression THING;
identifier STRIDE, COUNT;
type TYPE;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE) * (COUNT) * (STRIDE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(TYPE))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE) * (COUNT) * STRIDE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(TYPE))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE) * COUNT * (STRIDE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(TYPE))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE) * COUNT * STRIDE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(TYPE))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING) * (COUNT) * (STRIDE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(THING))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING) * (COUNT) * STRIDE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(THING))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING) * COUNT * (STRIDE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(THING))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING) * COUNT * STRIDE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, sizeof(THING))
  , ...)
)

// 3-factor product with 2 sizeof(variable), with redundant parens removed.
@@
expression THING1, THING2;
identifier COUNT;
type TYPE1, TYPE2;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE1) * sizeof(TYPE2) * COUNT
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(TYPE1), sizeof(TYPE2))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE1) * sizeof(THING2) * (COUNT)
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(TYPE1), sizeof(TYPE2))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING1) * sizeof(THING2) * COUNT
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(THING1), sizeof(THING2))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(THING1) * sizeof(THING2) * (COUNT)
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(THING1), sizeof(THING2))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE1) * sizeof(THING2) * COUNT
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(TYPE1), sizeof(THING2))
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	sizeof(TYPE1) * sizeof(THING2) * (COUNT)
+	array3_size(COUNT, sizeof(TYPE1), sizeof(THING2))
  , ...)
)

// 3-factor product, only identifiers, with redundant parens removed.
@@
identifier STRIDE, SIZE, COUNT;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(
-	(COUNT) * STRIDE * SIZE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	COUNT * (STRIDE) * SIZE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	COUNT * STRIDE * (SIZE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(COUNT) * (STRIDE) * SIZE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	COUNT * (STRIDE) * (SIZE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(COUNT) * STRIDE * (SIZE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(COUNT) * (STRIDE) * (SIZE)
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	COUNT * STRIDE * SIZE
+	array3_size(COUNT, STRIDE, SIZE)
  , ...)
)

// Any remaining multi-factor products, first at least 3-factor products,
// when they're not all constants...
@@
expression E1, E2, E3;
constant C1, C2, C3;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(C1 * C2 * C3, ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(E1) * E2 * E3
+	array3_size(E1, E2, E3)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(E1) * (E2) * E3
+	array3_size(E1, E2, E3)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	(E1) * (E2) * (E3)
+	array3_size(E1, E2, E3)
  , ...)
|
  kvzalloc(
-	E1 * E2 * E3
+	array3_size(E1, E2, E3)
  , ...)
)

// And then all remaining 2 factors products when they're not all constants,
// keeping sizeof() as the second factor argument.
@@
expression THING, E1, E2;
type TYPE;
constant C1, C2, C3;
@@

(
  kvzalloc(sizeof(THING) * C2, ...)
|
  kvzalloc(sizeof(TYPE) * C2, ...)
|
  kvzalloc(C1 * C2 * C3, ...)
|
  kvzalloc(C1 * C2, ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * (E2)
+	E2, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(TYPE) * E2
+	E2, sizeof(TYPE)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * (E2)
+	E2, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	sizeof(THING) * E2
+	E2, sizeof(THING)
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	(E1) * E2
+	E1, E2
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	(E1) * (E2)
+	E1, E2
  , ...)
|
- kvzalloc
+ kvcalloc
  (
-	E1 * E2
+	E1, E2
  , ...)
)

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
2018-06-12 16:19:22 -07:00
Tejun Heo
bb98f2c5ac mm, memcontrol: move swap charge handling into get_swap_page()
Patch series "mm, memcontrol: Implement memory.swap.events", v2.

This patchset implements memory.swap.events which contains max and fail
events so that userland can monitor and respond to swap running out.

This patch (of 2):

get_swap_page() is always followed by mem_cgroup_try_charge_swap().
This patch moves mem_cgroup_try_charge_swap() into get_swap_page() and
makes get_swap_page() call the function even after swap allocation
failure.

This simplifies the callers and consolidates memcg related logic and
will ease adding swap related memcg events.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180416230934.GH1911913@devbig577.frc2.facebook.com
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-06-07 17:34:34 -07:00
Matthew Wilcox
b93b016313 page cache: use xa_lock
Remove the address_space ->tree_lock and use the xa_lock newly added to
the radix_tree_root.  Rename the address_space ->page_tree to ->i_pages,
since we don't really care that it's a tree.

[willy@infradead.org: fix nds32, fs/dax.c]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180406145415.GB20605@bombadil.infradead.orgLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180313132639.17387-9-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-04-11 10:28:39 -07:00
Colin Ian King
f5c754d63d mm/swap_state.c: make bool enable_vma_readahead and swap_vma_readahead() static
The bool enable_vma_readahead and swap_vma_readahead() are local to the
source and do not need to be in global scope, so make them static.

Cleans up sparse warnings:

  mm/swap_state.c:41:6: warning: symbol 'enable_vma_readahead' was not declared. Should it be static?
  mm/swap_state.c:742:13: warning: symbol 'swap_vma_readahead' was not declared. Should it be static?

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180223164852.5159-1-colin.king@canonical.com
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-04-05 21:36:27 -07:00
Minchan Kim
e9e9b7ecee mm: swap: unify cluster-based and vma-based swap readahead
This patch makes do_swap_page() not need to be aware of two different
swap readahead algorithms.  Just unify cluster-based and vma-based
readahead function call.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1509520520-32367-3-git-send-email-minchan@kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180220085249.151400-3-minchan@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-04-05 21:36:25 -07:00
Minchan Kim
eaf649ebc3 mm: swap: clean up swap readahead
When I see recent change of swap readahead, I am very unhappy about
current code structure which diverges two swap readahead algorithm in
do_swap_page.  This patch is to clean it up.

Main motivation is that fault handler doesn't need to be aware of
readahead algorithms but just should call swapin_readahead.

As first step, this patch cleans up a little bit but not perfect (I just
separate for review easier) so next patch will make the goal complete.

[minchan@kernel.org: do not check readahead flag with THP anon]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/874lm83zho.fsf@yhuang-dev.intel.com
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180227232611.169883-1-minchan@kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1509520520-32367-2-git-send-email-minchan@kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180220085249.151400-2-minchan@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-04-05 21:36:25 -07:00
Mel Gorman
c6f92f9fbe mm: remove cold parameter for release_pages
All callers of release_pages claim the pages being released are cache
hot.  As no one cares about the hotness of pages being released to the
allocator, just ditch the parameter.

No performance impact is expected as the overhead is marginal.  The
parameter is removed simply because it is a bit stupid to have a useless
parameter copied everywhere.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171018075952.10627-7-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-11-15 18:21:06 -08:00
Changbin Du
783cb68ee2 mm/swap_state.c: declare a few variables as __read_mostly
These global variables are only set during initialization or rarely
change, so declare them as __read_mostly.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1507802349-5554-1-git-send-email-changbin.du@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Changbin Du <changbin.du@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-11-15 18:21:05 -08:00
Huang Ying
e9a6effa50 mm, swap: fix false error message in __swp_swapcount()
When a page fault occurs for a swap entry, the physical swap readahead
(not the VMA base swap readahead) may readahead several swap entries
after the fault swap entry.  The readahead algorithm calculates some of
the swap entries to readahead via increasing the offset of the fault
swap entry without checking whether they are beyond the end of the swap
device and it relys on the __swp_swapcount() and swapcache_prepare() to
check it.  Although __swp_swapcount() checks for the swap entry passed
in, it will complain with the error message as follow for the expected
invalid swap entry.  This may make the end users confused.

  swap_info_get: Bad swap offset entry 0200f8a7

To fix the false error message, the swap entry checking is added in
swapin_readahead() to avoid to pass the out-of-bound swap entries and
the swap entry reserved for the swap header to __swp_swapcount() and
swapcache_prepare().

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171102054225.22897-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Fixes: e8c26ab605 ("mm/swap: skip readahead for unreferenced swap slots")
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Christian Kujau <lists@nerdbynature.de>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[4.11+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-11-15 18:21:02 -08:00
Greg Kroah-Hartman
b24413180f License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-02 11:10:55 +01:00
Huang Ying
61b639723b mm, swap: use page-cluster as max window of VMA based swap readahead
When the VMA based swap readahead was introduced, a new knob

  /sys/kernel/mm/swap/vma_ra_max_order

was added as the max window of VMA swap readahead.  This is to make it
possible to use different max window for VMA based readahead and
original physical readahead.  But Minchan Kim pointed out that this will
cause a regression because setting page-cluster sysctl to zero cannot
disable swap readahead with the change.

To fix the regression, the page-cluster sysctl is used as the max window
of both the VMA based swap readahead and original physical swap
readahead.  If more fine grained control is needed in the future, more
knobs can be added as the subordinate knobs of the page-cluster sysctl.

The vma_ra_max_order knob is deleted.  Because the knob was introduced
in v4.14-rc1, and this patch is targeting being merged before v4.14
releasing, there should be no existing users of this newly added ABI.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171011070847.16003-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Fixes: ec560175c0 ("mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead")
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-10-13 16:18:33 -07:00
Shaohua Li
9625456cc7 mm: fix data corruption caused by lazyfree page
MADV_FREE clears pte dirty bit and then marks the page lazyfree (clear
SwapBacked).  There is no lock to prevent the page is added to swap
cache between these two steps by page reclaim.  If page reclaim finds
such page, it will simply add the page to swap cache without pageout the
page to swap because the page is marked as clean.  Next time, page fault
will read data from the swap slot which doesn't have the original data,
so we have a data corruption.  To fix issue, we mark the page dirty and
pageout the page.

However, we shouldn't dirty all pages which is clean and in swap cache.
swapin page is swap cache and clean too.  So we only dirty page which is
added into swap cache in page reclaim, which shouldn't be swapin page.
As Minchan suggested, simply dirty the page in add_to_swap can do the
job.

Fixes: 802a3a92ad ("mm: reclaim MADV_FREE pages")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/08c84256b007bf3f63c91d94383bd9eb6fee2daa.1506446061.git.shli@fb.com
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fb.com>
Reported-by: Artem Savkov <asavkov@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[4.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-10-03 17:54:25 -07:00
Huang Ying
d9bfcfdc41 mm, swap: add sysfs interface for VMA based swap readahead
The sysfs interface to control the VMA based swap readahead is added as
follow,

/sys/kernel/mm/swap/vma_ra_enabled

Enable the VMA based swap readahead algorithm, or use the original
global swap readahead algorithm.

/sys/kernel/mm/swap/vma_ra_max_order

Set the max order of the readahead window size for the VMA based swap
readahead algorithm.

The corresponding ABI documentation is added too.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-5-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-09-06 17:27:29 -07:00
Huang Ying
ec560175c0 mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead
The swap readahead is an important mechanism to reduce the swap in
latency.  Although pure sequential memory access pattern isn't very
popular for anonymous memory, the space locality is still considered
valid.

In the original swap readahead implementation, the consecutive blocks in
swap device are readahead based on the global space locality estimation.
But the consecutive blocks in swap device just reflect the order of page
reclaiming, don't necessarily reflect the access pattern in virtual
memory.  And the different tasks in the system may have different access
patterns, which makes the global space locality estimation incorrect.

In this patch, when page fault occurs, the virtual pages near the fault
address will be readahead instead of the swap slots near the fault swap
slot in swap device.  This avoid to readahead the unrelated swap slots.
At the same time, the swap readahead is changed to work on per-VMA from
globally.  So that the different access patterns of the different VMAs
could be distinguished, and the different readahead policy could be
applied accordingly.  The original core readahead detection and scaling
algorithm is reused, because it is an effect algorithm to detect the
space locality.

The test and result is as follow,

Common test condition
=====================

Test Machine: Xeon E5 v3 (2 sockets, 72 threads, 32G RAM) Swap device:
NVMe disk

Micro-benchmark with combined access pattern
============================================

vm-scalability, sequential swap test case, 4 processes to eat 50G
virtual memory space, repeat the sequential memory writing until 300
seconds.  The first round writing will trigger swap out, the following
rounds will trigger sequential swap in and out.

At the same time, run vm-scalability random swap test case in
background, 8 processes to eat 30G virtual memory space, repeat the
random memory write until 300 seconds.  This will trigger random swap-in
in the background.

This is a combined workload with sequential and random memory accessing
at the same time.  The result (for sequential workload) is as follow,

			Base		Optimized
			----		---------
throughput		345413 KB/s	414029 KB/s (+19.9%)
latency.average		97.14 us	61.06 us (-37.1%)
latency.50th		2 us		1 us
latency.60th		2 us		1 us
latency.70th		98 us		2 us
latency.80th		160 us		2 us
latency.90th		260 us		217 us
latency.95th		346 us		369 us
latency.99th		1.34 ms		1.09 ms
ra_hit%			52.69%		99.98%

The original swap readahead algorithm is confused by the background
random access workload, so readahead hit rate is lower.  The VMA-base
readahead algorithm works much better.

Linpack
=======

The test memory size is bigger than RAM to trigger swapping.

			Base		Optimized
			----		---------
elapsed_time		393.49 s	329.88 s (-16.2%)
ra_hit%			86.21%		98.82%

The score of base and optimized kernel hasn't visible changes.  But the
elapsed time reduced and readahead hit rate improved, so the optimized
kernel runs better for startup and tear down stages.  And the absolute
value of readahead hit rate is high, shows that the space locality is
still valid in some practical workloads.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-4-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-09-06 17:27:29 -07:00
Huang Ying
c4fa63092f mm, swap: fix swap readahead marking
In the original implementation, it is possible that the existing pages
in the swap cache (not newly readahead) could be marked as the readahead
pages.  This will cause the statistics of swap readahead be wrong and
influence the swap readahead algorithm too.

This is fixed via marking a page as the readahead page only if it is
newly allocated and read from the disk.

When testing with linpack, after the fixing the swap readahead hit rate
increased from ~66% to ~86%.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-3-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-09-06 17:27:29 -07:00
Huang Ying
cbc65df240 mm, swap: add swap readahead hit statistics
Patch series "mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead", v4.

The swap readahead is an important mechanism to reduce the swap in
latency.  Although pure sequential memory access pattern isn't very
popular for anonymous memory, the space locality is still considered
valid.

In the original swap readahead implementation, the consecutive blocks in
swap device are readahead based on the global space locality estimation.
But the consecutive blocks in swap device just reflect the order of page
reclaiming, don't necessarily reflect the access pattern in virtual
memory space.  And the different tasks in the system may have different
access patterns, which makes the global space locality estimation
incorrect.

In this patchset, when page fault occurs, the virtual pages near the
fault address will be readahead instead of the swap slots near the fault
swap slot in swap device.  This avoid to readahead the unrelated swap
slots.  At the same time, the swap readahead is changed to work on
per-VMA from globally.  So that the different access patterns of the
different VMAs could be distinguished, and the different readahead
policy could be applied accordingly.  The original core readahead
detection and scaling algorithm is reused, because it is an effect
algorithm to detect the space locality.

In addition to the swap readahead changes, some new sysfs interface is
added to show the efficiency of the readahead algorithm and some other
swap statistics.

This new implementation will incur more small random read, on SSD, the
improved correctness of estimation and readahead target should beat the
potential increased overhead, this is also illustrated in the test
results below.  But on HDD, the overhead may beat the benefit, so the
original implementation will be used by default.

The test and result is as follow,

Common test condition
=====================

Test Machine: Xeon E5 v3 (2 sockets, 72 threads, 32G RAM)
Swap device: NVMe disk

Micro-benchmark with combined access pattern
============================================

vm-scalability, sequential swap test case, 4 processes to eat 50G
virtual memory space, repeat the sequential memory writing until 300
seconds.  The first round writing will trigger swap out, the following
rounds will trigger sequential swap in and out.

At the same time, run vm-scalability random swap test case in
background, 8 processes to eat 30G virtual memory space, repeat the
random memory write until 300 seconds.  This will trigger random swap-in
in the background.

This is a combined workload with sequential and random memory accessing
at the same time.  The result (for sequential workload) is as follow,

			Base		Optimized
			----		---------
throughput		345413 KB/s	414029 KB/s (+19.9%)
latency.average		97.14 us	61.06 us (-37.1%)
latency.50th		2 us		1 us
latency.60th		2 us		1 us
latency.70th		98 us		2 us
latency.80th		160 us		2 us
latency.90th		260 us		217 us
latency.95th		346 us		369 us
latency.99th		1.34 ms		1.09 ms
ra_hit%			52.69%		99.98%

The original swap readahead algorithm is confused by the background
random access workload, so readahead hit rate is lower.  The VMA-base
readahead algorithm works much better.

Linpack
=======

The test memory size is bigger than RAM to trigger swapping.

			Base		Optimized
			----		---------
elapsed_time		393.49 s	329.88 s (-16.2%)
ra_hit%			86.21%		98.82%

The score of base and optimized kernel hasn't visible changes.  But the
elapsed time reduced and readahead hit rate improved, so the optimized
kernel runs better for startup and tear down stages.  And the absolute
value of readahead hit rate is high, shows that the space locality is
still valid in some practical workloads.

This patch (of 5):

The statistics for total readahead pages and total readahead hits are
recorded and exported via the following sysfs interface.

/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_hits
/sys/kernel/mm/swap/ra_total

With them, the efficiency of the swap readahead could be measured, so
that the swap readahead algorithm and parameters could be tuned
accordingly.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't display swap stats if CONFIG_SWAP=n]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170807054038.1843-2-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-09-06 17:27:29 -07:00
Shaohua Li
23955622ff swap: add block io poll in swapin path
For fast flash disk, async IO could introduce overhead because of
context switch.  block-mq now supports IO poll, which improves
performance and latency a lot.  swapin is a good place to use this
technique, because the task is waiting for the swapin page to continue
execution.

In my virtual machine, directly read 4k data from a NVMe with iopoll is
about 60% better than that without poll.  With iopoll support in swapin
patch, my microbenchmark (a task does random memory write) is about
10%~25% faster.  CPU utilization increases a lot though, 2x and even 3x
CPU utilization.  This will depend on disk speed.

While iopoll in swapin isn't intended for all usage cases, it's a win
for latency sensistive workloads with high speed swap disk.  block layer
has knob to control poll in runtime.  If poll isn't enabled in block
layer, there should be no noticeable change in swapin.

I got a chance to run the same test in a NVMe with DRAM as the media.
In simple fio IO test, blkpoll boosts 50% performance in single thread
test and ~20% in 8 threads test.  So this is the base line.  In above
swap test, blkpoll boosts ~27% performance in single thread test.
blkpoll uses 2x CPU time though.

If we enable hybid polling, the performance gain has very slight drop
but CPU time is only 50% worse than that without blkpoll.  Also we can
adjust parameter of hybid poll, with it, the CPU time penality is
reduced further.  In 8 threads test, blkpoll doesn't help though.  The
performance is similar to that without blkpoll, but cpu utilization is
similar too.  There is lock contention in swap path.  The cpu time
spending on blkpoll isn't high.  So overall, blkpoll swapin isn't worse
than that without it.

The swapin readahead might read several pages in in the same time and
form a big IO request.  Since the IO will take longer time, it doesn't
make sense to do poll, so the patch only does iopoll for single page
swapin.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/070c3c3e40b711e7b1390002c991e86a-b5408f0@7511894063d3764ff01ea8111f5a004d7dd700ed078797c204a24e620ddb965c
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shli@fb.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-10 16:32:30 -07:00
Minchan Kim
0f0746589e mm, THP, swap: move anonymous THP split logic to vmscan
The add_to_swap aims to allocate swap_space(ie, swap slot and swapcache)
so if it fails due to lack of space in case of THP or something(hdd swap
but tries THP swapout) *caller* rather than add_to_swap itself should
split the THP page and retry it with base page which is more natural.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170515112522.32457-4-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-06 16:24:31 -07:00
Minchan Kim
75f6d6d29a mm, THP, swap: unify swap slot free functions to put_swap_page
Now, get_swap_page takes struct page and allocates swap space according
to page size(ie, normal or THP) so it would be more cleaner to introduce
put_swap_page which is a counter function of get_swap_page.  Then, it
calls right swap slot free function depending on page's size.

[ying.huang@intel.com: minor cleanup and fix]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170515112522.32457-3-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-06 16:24:31 -07:00
Huang Ying
38d8b4e6bd mm, THP, swap: delay splitting THP during swap out
Patch series "THP swap: Delay splitting THP during swapping out", v11.

This patchset is to optimize the performance of Transparent Huge Page
(THP) swap.

Recently, the performance of the storage devices improved so fast that
we cannot saturate the disk bandwidth with single logical CPU when do
page swap out even on a high-end server machine.  Because the
performance of the storage device improved faster than that of single
logical CPU.  And it seems that the trend will not change in the near
future.  On the other hand, the THP becomes more and more popular
because of increased memory size.  So it becomes necessary to optimize
THP swap performance.

The advantages of the THP swap support include:

 - Batch the swap operations for the THP to reduce lock
   acquiring/releasing, including allocating/freeing the swap space,
   adding/deleting to/from the swap cache, and writing/reading the swap
   space, etc. This will help improve the performance of the THP swap.

 - The THP swap space read/write will be 2M sequential IO. It is
   particularly helpful for the swap read, which are usually 4k random
   IO. This will improve the performance of the THP swap too.

 - It will help the memory fragmentation, especially when the THP is
   heavily used by the applications. The 2M continuous pages will be
   free up after THP swapping out.

 - It will improve the THP utilization on the system with the swap
   turned on. Because the speed for khugepaged to collapse the normal
   pages into the THP is quite slow. After the THP is split during the
   swapping out, it will take quite long time for the normal pages to
   collapse back into the THP after being swapped in. The high THP
   utilization helps the efficiency of the page based memory management
   too.

There are some concerns regarding THP swap in, mainly because possible
enlarged read/write IO size (for swap in/out) may put more overhead on
the storage device.  To deal with that, the THP swap in should be turned
on only when necessary.  For example, it can be selected via
"always/never/madvise" logic, to be turned on globally, turned off
globally, or turned on only for VMA with MADV_HUGEPAGE, etc.

This patchset is the first step for the THP swap support.  The plan is
to delay splitting THP step by step, finally avoid splitting THP during
the THP swapping out and swap out/in the THP as a whole.

As the first step, in this patchset, the splitting huge page is delayed
from almost the first step of swapping out to after allocating the swap
space for the THP and adding the THP into the swap cache.  This will
reduce lock acquiring/releasing for the locks used for the swap cache
management.

With the patchset, the swap out throughput improves 15.5% (from about
3.73GB/s to about 4.31GB/s) in the vm-scalability swap-w-seq test case
with 8 processes.  The test is done on a Xeon E5 v3 system.  The swap
device used is a RAM simulated PMEM (persistent memory) device.  To test
the sequential swapping out, the test case creates 8 processes, which
sequentially allocate and write to the anonymous pages until the RAM and
part of the swap device is used up.

This patch (of 5):

In this patch, splitting huge page is delayed from almost the first step
of swapping out to after allocating the swap space for the THP
(Transparent Huge Page) and adding the THP into the swap cache.  This
will batch the corresponding operation, thus improve THP swap out
throughput.

This is the first step for the THP swap optimization.  The plan is to
delay splitting the THP step by step and avoid splitting the THP
finally.

In this patch, one swap cluster is used to hold the contents of each THP
swapped out.  So, the size of the swap cluster is changed to that of the
THP (Transparent Huge Page) on x86_64 architecture (512).  For other
architectures which want such THP swap optimization,
ARCH_USES_THP_SWAP_CLUSTER needs to be selected in the Kconfig file for
the architecture.  In effect, this will enlarge swap cluster size by 2
times on x86_64.  Which may make it harder to find a free cluster when
the swap space becomes fragmented.  So that, this may reduce the
continuous swap space allocation and sequential write in theory.  The
performance test in 0day shows no regressions caused by this.

In the future of THP swap optimization, some information of the swapped
out THP (such as compound map count) will be recorded in the
swap_cluster_info data structure.

The mem cgroup swap accounting functions are enhanced to support charge
or uncharge a swap cluster backing a THP as a whole.

The swap cluster allocate/free functions are added to allocate/free a
swap cluster for a THP.  A fair simple algorithm is used for swap
cluster allocation, that is, only the first swap device in priority list
will be tried to allocate the swap cluster.  The function will fail if
the trying is not successful, and the caller will fallback to allocate a
single swap slot instead.  This works good enough for normal cases.  If
the difference of the number of the free swap clusters among multiple
swap devices is significant, it is possible that some THPs are split
earlier than necessary.  For example, this could be caused by big size
difference among multiple swap devices.

The swap cache functions is enhanced to support add/delete THP to/from
the swap cache as a set of (HPAGE_PMD_NR) sub-pages.  This may be
enhanced in the future with multi-order radix tree.  But because we will
split the THP soon during swapping out, that optimization doesn't make
much sense for this first step.

The THP splitting functions are enhanced to support to split THP in swap
cache during swapping out.  The page lock will be held during allocating
the swap cluster, adding the THP into the swap cache and splitting the
THP.  So in the code path other than swapping out, if the THP need to be
split, the PageSwapCache(THP) will be always false.

The swap cluster is only available for SSD, so the THP swap optimization
in this patchset has no effect for HDD.

[ying.huang@intel.com: fix two issues in THP optimize patch]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/87k25ed8zo.fsf@yhuang-dev.intel.com
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: extensive cleanups and simplifications, reduce code size]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170515112522.32457-2-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> [for config option]
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com> [for changes in huge_memory.c and huge_mm.h]
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-06 16:24:31 -07:00
Huang Ying
54f180d3c1 mm, swap: use kvzalloc to allocate some swap data structures
Now vzalloc() is used in swap code to allocate various data structures,
such as swap cache, swap slots cache, cluster info, etc.  Because the
size may be too large on some system, so that normal kzalloc() may fail.
But using kzalloc() has some advantages, for example, less memory
fragmentation, less TLB pressure, etc.  So change the data structure
allocation in swap code to use kvzalloc() which will try kzalloc()
firstly, and fallback to vzalloc() if kzalloc() failed.

In general, although kmalloc() will reduce the number of high-order
pages in short term, vmalloc() will cause more pain for memory
fragmentation in the long term.  And the swap data structure allocation
that is changed in this patch is expected to be long term allocation.

From Dave Hansen:
 "for example, we have a two-page data structure. vmalloc() takes two
  effectively random order-0 pages, probably from two different 2M pages
  and pins them. That "kills" two 2M pages. kmalloc(), allocating two
  *contiguous* pages, will not cross a 2M boundary. That means it will
  only "kill" the possibility of a single 2M page. More 2M pages == less
  fragmentation.

The allocation in this patch occurs during swap on time, which is
usually done during system boot, so usually we have high opportunity to
allocate the contiguous pages successfully.

The allocation for swap_map[] in struct swap_info_struct is not changed,
because that is usually quite large and vmalloc_to_page() is used for
it.  That makes it a little harder to change.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170407064911.25447-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-05-08 17:15:13 -07:00
Huang Ying
9c1cc2e4f2 mm, swap: fix comment in __read_swap_cache_async
Commit cbab0e4eec ("swap: avoid read_swap_cache_async() race to
deadlock while waiting on discard I/O completion") fixed a deadlock in
read_swap_cache_async().  Because at that time, in swap allocation path,
a swap entry may be set as SWAP_HAS_CACHE, then wait for discarding to
complete before the page for the swap entry is added to the swap cache.

But in commit 815c2c543d ("swap: make swap discard async"), the
discarding for swap become asynchronous, waiting for discarding to
complete will be done before the swap entry is set as SWAP_HAS_CACHE.
So the comments in code is incorrect now.  This patch fixes the
comments.

The cond_resched() added in the commit cbab0e4eec is not necessary now
too.  But if we added some sleep in swap allocation path in the future,
there may be some hard to debug/reproduce deadlock bug.  So it is kept.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170317064635.12792-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-05-03 15:52:10 -07:00
Huang Ying
ba81f83842 mm/swap: skip readahead only when swap slot cache is enabled
Because during swap off, a swap entry may have swap_map[] ==
SWAP_HAS_CACHE (for example, just allocated).  If we return NULL in
__read_swap_cache_async(), the swap off will abort.  So when swap slot
cache is disabled, (for swap off), we will wait for page to be put into
swap cache in such race condition.  This should not be a problem for swap
slot cache, because swap slot cache should be drained after clearing
swap_slot_cache_enabled.

[ying.huang@intel.com: fix memory leak in __read_swap_cache_async()]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/874lzt6znd.fsf@yhuang-dev.intel.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/5e2c5f6abe8e6eb0797408897b1bba80938e9b9d.1484082593.git.tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> escreveu:
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-02-22 16:41:30 -08:00
Tim Chen
67afa38e01 mm/swap: add cache for swap slots allocation
We add per cpu caches for swap slots that can be allocated and freed
quickly without the need to touch the swap info lock.

Two separate caches are maintained for swap slots allocated and swap
slots returned.  This is to allow the swap slots to be returned to the
global pool in a batch so they will have a chance to be coaelesced with
other slots in a cluster.  We do not reuse the slots that are returned
right away, as it may increase fragmentation of the slots.

The swap allocation cache is protected by a mutex as we may sleep when
searching for empty slots in cache.  The swap free cache is protected by
a spin lock as we cannot sleep in the free path.

We refill the swap slots cache when we run out of slots, and we disable
the swap slots cache and drain the slots if the global number of slots
fall below a low watermark threshold.  We re-enable the cache agian when
the slots available are above a high watermark.

[ying.huang@intel.com: use raw_cpu_ptr over this_cpu_ptr for swap slots access]
[tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com: add comments on locks in swap_slots.h]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170118180327.GA24225@linux.intel.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/35de301a4eaa8daa2977de6e987f2c154385eb66.1484082593.git.tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> escreveu:
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-02-22 16:41:30 -08:00
Tim Chen
e8c26ab605 mm/swap: skip readahead for unreferenced swap slots
We can avoid needlessly allocating page for swap slots that are not used
by anyone.  No pages have to be read in for these slots.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/0784b3f20b9bd3aa5552219624cb78dc4ae710c9.1484082593.git.tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> escreveu:
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-02-22 16:41:30 -08:00
Huang, Ying
4b3ef9daa4 mm/swap: split swap cache into 64MB trunks
The patch is to improve the scalability of the swap out/in via using
fine grained locks for the swap cache.  In current kernel, one address
space will be used for each swap device.  And in the common
configuration, the number of the swap device is very small (one is
typical).  This causes the heavy lock contention on the radix tree of
the address space if multiple tasks swap out/in concurrently.

But in fact, there is no dependency between pages in the swap cache.  So
that, we can split the one shared address space for each swap device
into several address spaces to reduce the lock contention.  In the
patch, the shared address space is split into 64MB trunks.  64MB is
chosen to balance the memory space usage and effect of lock contention
reduction.

The size of struct address_space on x86_64 architecture is 408B, so with
the patch, 6528B more memory will be used for every 1GB swap space on
x86_64 architecture.

One address space is still shared for the swap entries in the same 64M
trunks.  To avoid lock contention for the first round of swap space
allocation, the order of the swap clusters in the initial free clusters
list is changed.  The swap space distance between the consecutive swap
clusters in the free cluster list is at least 64M.  After the first
round of allocation, the swap clusters are expected to be freed
randomly, so the lock contention should be reduced effectively.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/735bab895e64c930581ffb0a05b661e01da82bc5.1484082593.git.tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> escreveu:
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-02-22 16:41:30 -08:00
Huang Ying
f6ab1f7f6b mm, swap: use offset of swap entry as key of swap cache
This patch is to improve the performance of swap cache operations when
the type of the swap device is not 0.  Originally, the whole swap entry
value is used as the key of the swap cache, even though there is one
radix tree for each swap device.  If the type of the swap device is not
0, the height of the radix tree of the swap cache will be increased
unnecessary, especially on 64bit architecture.  For example, for a 1GB
swap device on the x86_64 architecture, the height of the radix tree of
the swap cache is 11.  But if the offset of the swap entry is used as
the key of the swap cache, the height of the radix tree of the swap
cache is 4.  The increased height causes unnecessary radix tree
descending and increased cache footprint.

This patch reduces the height of the radix tree of the swap cache via
using the offset of the swap entry instead of the whole swap entry value
as the key of the swap cache.  In 32 processes sequential swap out test
case on a Xeon E5 v3 system with RAM disk as swap, the lock contention
for the spinlock of the swap cache is reduced from 20.15% to 12.19%,
when the type of the swap device is 1.

Use the whole swap entry as key,

  perf-profile.calltrace.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irq.__add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap.shrink_page_list: 10.37,
  perf-profile.calltrace.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irqsave.__remove_mapping.shrink_page_list.shrink_inactive_list.shrink_node_memcg: 9.78,

Use the swap offset as key,

  perf-profile.calltrace.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irq.__add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap.shrink_page_list: 6.25,
  perf-profile.calltrace.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irqsave.__remove_mapping.shrink_page_list.shrink_inactive_list.shrink_node_memcg: 5.94,

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1473270649-27229-1-git-send-email-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-10-07 18:46:28 -07:00
Aaron Lu
6fcb52a56f thp: reduce usage of huge zero page's atomic counter
The global zero page is used to satisfy an anonymous read fault.  If
THP(Transparent HugePage) is enabled then the global huge zero page is
used.  The global huge zero page uses an atomic counter for reference
counting and is allocated/freed dynamically according to its counter
value.

CPU time spent on that counter will greatly increase if there are a lot
of processes doing anonymous read faults.  This patch proposes a way to
reduce the access to the global counter so that the CPU load can be
reduced accordingly.

To do this, a new flag of the mm_struct is introduced:
MMF_USED_HUGE_ZERO_PAGE.  With this flag, the process only need to touch
the global counter in two cases:

 1 The first time it uses the global huge zero page;
 2 The time when mm_user of its mm_struct reaches zero.

Note that right now, the huge zero page is eligible to be freed as soon
as its last use goes away.  With this patch, the page will not be
eligible to be freed until the exit of the last process from which it
was ever used.

And with the use of mm_user, the kthread is not eligible to use huge
zero page either.  Since no kthread is using huge zero page today, there
is no difference after applying this patch.  But if that is not desired,
I can change it to when mm_count reaches zero.

Case used for test on Haswell EP:

  usemem -n 72 --readonly -j 0x200000 100G

Which spawns 72 processes and each will mmap 100G anonymous space and
then do read only access to that space sequentially with a step of 2MB.

  CPU cycles from perf report for base commit:
      54.03%  usemem   [kernel.kallsyms]   [k] get_huge_zero_page
  CPU cycles from perf report for this commit:
       0.11%  usemem   [kernel.kallsyms]   [k] mm_get_huge_zero_page

Performance(throughput) of the workload for base commit: 1784430792
Performance(throughput) of the workload for this commit: 4726928591
164% increase.

Runtime of the workload for base commit: 707592 us
Runtime of the workload for this commit: 303970 us
50% drop.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/fe51a88f-446a-4622-1363-ad1282d71385@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Ebru Akagunduz <ebru.akagunduz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-10-07 18:46:28 -07:00
Huang Ying
371a096edf mm: don't use radix tree writeback tags for pages in swap cache
File pages use a set of radix tree tags (DIRTY, TOWRITE, WRITEBACK,
etc.) to accelerate finding the pages with a specific tag in the radix
tree during inode writeback.  But for anonymous pages in the swap cache,
there is no inode writeback.  So there is no need to find the pages with
some writeback tags in the radix tree.  It is not necessary to touch
radix tree writeback tags for pages in the swap cache.

Per Rik van Riel's suggestion, a new flag AS_NO_WRITEBACK_TAGS is
introduced for address spaces which don't need to update the writeback
tags.  The flag is set for swap caches.  It may be used for DAX file
systems, etc.

With this patch, the swap out bandwidth improved 22.3% (from ~1.2GB/s to
~1.48GBps) in the vm-scalability swap-w-seq test case with 8 processes.
The test is done on a Xeon E5 v3 system.  The swap device used is a RAM
simulated PMEM (persistent memory) device.  The improvement comes from
the reduced contention on the swap cache radix tree lock.  To test
sequential swapping out, the test case uses 8 processes, which
sequentially allocate and write to the anonymous pages until RAM and
part of the swap device is used up.

Details of comparison is as follow,

base             base+patch
---------------- --------------------------
         %stddev     %change         %stddev
             \          |                \
   2506952 ±  2%     +28.1%    3212076 ±  7%  vm-scalability.throughput
   1207402 ±  7%     +22.3%    1476578 ±  6%  vmstat.swap.so
     10.86 ± 12%     -23.4%       8.31 ± 16%  perf-profile.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irq.__add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap_cache.add_to_swap.shrink_page_list
     10.82 ± 13%     -33.1%       7.24 ± 14%  perf-profile.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irqsave.__remove_mapping.shrink_page_list.shrink_inactive_list.shrink_zone_memcg
     10.36 ± 11%    -100.0%       0.00 ± -1%  perf-profile.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irqsave.__test_set_page_writeback.bdev_write_page.__swap_writepage.swap_writepage
     10.52 ± 12%    -100.0%       0.00 ± -1%  perf-profile.cycles-pp._raw_spin_lock_irqsave.test_clear_page_writeback.end_page_writeback.page_endio.pmem_rw_page

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1472578089-5560-1-git-send-email-ying.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-10-07 18:46:28 -07:00
Mel Gorman
11fb998986 mm: move most file-based accounting to the node
There are now a number of accounting oddities such as mapped file pages
being accounted for on the node while the total number of file pages are
accounted on the zone.  This can be coped with to some extent but it's
confusing so this patch moves the relevant file-based accounted.  Due to
throttling logic in the page allocator for reliable OOM detection, it is
still necessary to track dirty and writeback pages on a per-zone basis.

[mgorman@techsingularity.net: fix NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING accounting]
  Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468404004-5085-5-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1467970510-21195-20-git-send-email-mgorman@techsingularity.net
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-07-28 16:07:41 -07:00
Gerald Schaefer
770a537022 mm: thp: broken page count after commit aa88b68c3b
Christian Borntraeger reported a kernel panic after corrupt page counts,
and it turned out to be a regression introduced with commit aa88b68c3b
("thp: keep huge zero page pinned until tlb flush"), at least on s390.

put_huge_zero_page() was moved over from zap_huge_pmd() to
release_pages(), and it was replaced by tlb_remove_page().  However,
release_pages() might not always be triggered by (the arch-specific)
tlb_remove_page().

On s390 we call free_page_and_swap_cache() from tlb_remove_page(), and
not tlb_flush_mmu() -> free_pages_and_swap_cache() like the generic
version, because we don't use the MMU-gather logic.  Although both
functions have very similar names, they are doing very unsimilar things,
in particular free_page_xxx is just doing a put_page(), while
free_pages_xxx calls release_pages().

This of course results in very harmful put_page()s on the huge zero
page, on architectures where tlb_remove_page() is implemented in this
way.  It seems to affect only s390 and sh, but sh doesn't have THP
support, so the problem (currently) probably only exists on s390.

The following quick hack fixed the issue:

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160602172141.75c006a9@thinkpad
Signed-off-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Reported-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>	[4.6.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-06-09 14:23:11 -07:00
Hugh Dickins
fa9949da59 mm: use __SetPageSwapBacked and dont ClearPageSwapBacked
v3.16 commit 07a4278843 ("mm: shmem: avoid atomic operation during
shmem_getpage_gfp") rightly replaced one instance of SetPageSwapBacked
by __SetPageSwapBacked, pointing out that the newly allocated page is
not yet visible to other users (except speculative get_page_unless_zero-
ers, who may not update page flags before their further checks).

That was part of a series in which Mel was focused on tmpfs profiles:
but almost all SetPageSwapBacked uses can be so optimized, with the same
justification.

Remove ClearPageSwapBacked from __read_swap_cache_async() error path:
it's not an error to free a page with PG_swapbacked set.

Follow a convention of __SetPageLocked, __SetPageSwapBacked instead of
doing it differently in different places; but that's for tidiness - if
the ordering actually mattered, we should not be using the __variants.

There's probably scope for further __SetPageFlags in other places, but
SwapBacked is the one I'm interested in at the moment.

Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Andres Lagar-Cavilla <andreslc@google.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linaro.org>
Cc: Ning Qu <quning@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-05-19 19:12:14 -07:00
Kirill A. Shutemov
09cbfeaf1a mm, fs: get rid of PAGE_CACHE_* and page_cache_{get,release} macros
PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} macros were introduced *long* time
ago with promise that one day it will be possible to implement page
cache with bigger chunks than PAGE_SIZE.

This promise never materialized.  And unlikely will.

We have many places where PAGE_CACHE_SIZE assumed to be equal to
PAGE_SIZE.  And it's constant source of confusion on whether
PAGE_CACHE_* or PAGE_* constant should be used in a particular case,
especially on the border between fs and mm.

Global switching to PAGE_CACHE_SIZE != PAGE_SIZE would cause to much
breakage to be doable.

Let's stop pretending that pages in page cache are special.  They are
not.

The changes are pretty straight-forward:

 - <foo> << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;

 - <foo> >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;

 - PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} -> PAGE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN};

 - page_cache_get() -> get_page();

 - page_cache_release() -> put_page();

This patch contains automated changes generated with coccinelle using
script below.  For some reason, coccinelle doesn't patch header files.
I've called spatch for them manually.

The only adjustment after coccinelle is revert of changes to
PAGE_CAHCE_ALIGN definition: we are going to drop it later.

There are few places in the code where coccinelle didn't reach.  I'll
fix them manually in a separate patch.  Comments and documentation also
will be addressed with the separate patch.

virtual patch

@@
expression E;
@@
- E << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E

@@
expression E;
@@
- E >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E

@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT
+ PAGE_SHIFT

@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
+ PAGE_SIZE

@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_MASK
+ PAGE_MASK

@@
expression E;
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_ALIGN(E)
+ PAGE_ALIGN(E)

@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_get(E)
+ get_page(E)

@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_release(E)
+ put_page(E)

Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-04-04 10:41:08 -07:00
Vladimir Davydov
37e8435119 mm: memcontrol: charge swap to cgroup2
This patchset introduces swap accounting to cgroup2.

This patch (of 7):

In the legacy hierarchy we charge memsw, which is dubious, because:

 - memsw.limit must be >= memory.limit, so it is impossible to limit
   swap usage less than memory usage. Taking into account the fact that
   the primary limiting mechanism in the unified hierarchy is
   memory.high while memory.limit is either left unset or set to a very
   large value, moving memsw.limit knob to the unified hierarchy would
   effectively make it impossible to limit swap usage according to the
   user preference.

 - memsw.usage != memory.usage + swap.usage, because a page occupying
   both swap entry and a swap cache page is charged only once to memsw
   counter. As a result, it is possible to effectively eat up to
   memory.limit of memory pages *and* memsw.limit of swap entries, which
   looks unexpected.

That said, we should provide a different swap limiting mechanism for
cgroup2.

This patch adds mem_cgroup->swap counter, which charges the actual number
of swap entries used by a cgroup.  It is only charged in the unified
hierarchy, while the legacy hierarchy memsw logic is left intact.

The swap usage can be monitored using new memory.swap.current file and
limited using memory.swap.max.

Note, to charge swap resource properly in the unified hierarchy, we have
to make swap_entry_free uncharge swap only when ->usage reaches zero, not
just ->count, i.e.  when all references to a swap entry, including the one
taken by swap cache, are gone.  This is necessary, because otherwise
swap-in could result in uncharging swap even if the page is still in swap
cache and hence still occupies a swap entry.  At the same time, this
shouldn't break memsw counter logic, where a page is never charged twice
for using both memory and swap, because in case of legacy hierarchy we
uncharge swap on commit (see mem_cgroup_commit_charge).

Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-20 17:09:18 -08:00