crypto: ghash - add comment and improve help text

To help avoid confusion, add a comment to ghash-generic.c which explains
the convention that the kernel's implementation of GHASH uses.

Also update the Kconfig help text and module descriptions to call GHASH
a "hash function" rather than a "message digest", since the latter
normally means a real cryptographic hash function, which GHASH is not.

Cc: Pascal Van Leeuwen <pvanleeuwen@verimatrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Pascal Van Leeuwen <pvanleeuwen@verimatrix.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>

arch/arm/crypto/ghash-ce-glue.c

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <linux/crypto.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH secure hash using ARMv8 Crypto Extensions");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH hash function using ARMv8 Crypto Extensions");
 MODULE_AUTHOR("Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>");
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
 MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("ghash");

arch/s390/crypto/ghash_s390.c

@@ -153,4 +153,4 @@ module_exit(ghash_mod_exit);
 MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("ghash");
 
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH Message Digest Algorithm, s390 implementation");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH hash function, s390 implementation");

arch/x86/crypto/ghash-clmulni-intel_glue.c

@@ -357,6 +357,5 @@ module_init(ghash_pclmulqdqni_mod_init);
 module_exit(ghash_pclmulqdqni_mod_exit);
 
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH Message Digest Algorithm, "
-		   "accelerated by PCLMULQDQ-NI");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH hash function, accelerated by PCLMULQDQ-NI");
 MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("ghash");

crypto/Kconfig

@@ -647,11 +647,12 @@ config CRYPTO_VPMSUM_TESTER
 	  Unless you are testing these algorithms, you don't need this.
 
 config CRYPTO_GHASH
-	tristate "GHASH digest algorithm"
+	tristate "GHASH hash function"
 	select CRYPTO_GF128MUL
 	select CRYPTO_HASH
 	help
-	  GHASH is message digest algorithm for GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
+	  GHASH is the hash function used in GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
+	  It is not a general-purpose cryptographic hash function.
 
 config CRYPTO_POLY1305
 	tristate "Poly1305 authenticator algorithm"
@@ -976,12 +977,12 @@ config CRYPTO_WP512
 	  <http://www.larc.usp.br/~pbarreto/WhirlpoolPage.html>
 
 config CRYPTO_GHASH_CLMUL_NI_INTEL
-	tristate "GHASH digest algorithm (CLMUL-NI accelerated)"
+	tristate "GHASH hash function (CLMUL-NI accelerated)"
 	depends on X86 && 64BIT
 	select CRYPTO_CRYPTD
 	help
-	  GHASH is message digest algorithm for GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
-	  The implementation is accelerated by CLMUL-NI of Intel.
+	  This is the x86_64 CLMUL-NI accelerated implementation of
+	  GHASH, the hash function used in GCM (Galois/Counter mode).
 
 comment "Ciphers"
 

crypto/ghash-generic.c

@@ -1,12 +1,37 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 /*
- * GHASH: digest algorithm for GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
+ * GHASH: hash function for GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2007 Nokia Siemens Networks - Mikko Herranen <mh1@iki.fi>
  * Copyright (c) 2009 Intel Corp.
  *   Author: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
+ */
+
+/*
+ * GHASH is a keyed hash function used in GCM authentication tag generation.
  *
- * The algorithm implementation is copied from gcm.c.
+ * The original GCM paper [1] presents GHASH as a function GHASH(H, A, C) which
+ * takes a 16-byte hash key H, additional authenticated data A, and a ciphertext
+ * C.  It formats A and C into a single byte string X, interprets X as a
+ * polynomial over GF(2^128), and evaluates this polynomial at the point H.
+ *
+ * However, the NIST standard for GCM [2] presents GHASH as GHASH(H, X) where X
+ * is the already-formatted byte string containing both A and C.
+ *
+ * "ghash" in the Linux crypto API uses the 'X' (pre-formatted) convention,
+ * since the API supports only a single data stream per hash.  Thus, the
+ * formatting of 'A' and 'C' is done in the "gcm" template, not in "ghash".
+ *
+ * The reason "ghash" is separate from "gcm" is to allow "gcm" to use an
+ * accelerated "ghash" when a standalone accelerated "gcm(aes)" is unavailable.
+ * It is generally inappropriate to use "ghash" for other purposes, since it is
+ * an "ε-almost-XOR-universal hash function", not a cryptographic hash function.
+ * It can only be used securely in crypto modes specially designed to use it.
+ *
+ * [1] The Galois/Counter Mode of Operation (GCM)
+ *     (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.695&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
+ * [2] Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC
+ *     (https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-38d/final)
  */
 
 #include <crypto/algapi.h>
@@ -156,6 +181,6 @@ subsys_initcall(ghash_mod_init);
 module_exit(ghash_mod_exit);
 
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH Message Digest Algorithm");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("GHASH hash function");
 MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("ghash");
 MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("ghash-generic");

drivers/crypto/Kconfig

@@ -189,12 +189,12 @@ config S390_PRNG
 	  It is available as of z9.
 
 config CRYPTO_GHASH_S390
-	tristate "GHASH digest algorithm"
+	tristate "GHASH hash function"
 	depends on S390
 	select CRYPTO_HASH
 	help
-	  This is the s390 hardware accelerated implementation of the
-	  GHASH message digest algorithm for GCM (Galois/Counter Mode).
+	  This is the s390 hardware accelerated implementation of GHASH,
+	  the hash function used in GCM (Galois/Counter mode).
 
 	  It is available as of z196.
 

include/crypto/ghash.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
- * Common values for GHASH algorithms
+ * Common values for the GHASH hash function
  */
 
 #ifndef __CRYPTO_GHASH_H__