linux/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c

/*
 * Compressed RAM block device
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008, 2009, 2010  Nitin Gupta
 *               2012, 2013 Minchan Kim
 *
 * This code is released using a dual license strategy: BSD/GPL
 * You can choose the licence that better fits your requirements.
 *
 * Released under the terms of 3-clause BSD License
 * Released under the terms of GNU General Public License Version 2.0
 *
 */

#define KMSG_COMPONENT "zram"
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KMSG_COMPONENT ": " fmt

#ifdef CONFIG_ZRAM_DEBUG
#define DEBUG
#endif

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/genhd.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>

#include "zram_drv.h"

/* Globals */
static int zram_major;
static struct zram *zram_devices;
static const char *default_compressor = "lzo";

/* Module params (documentation at end) */
static unsigned int num_devices = 1;

#define ZRAM_ATTR_RO(name)						\
static ssize_t zram_attr_##name##_show(struct device *d,		\
				struct device_attribute *attr, char *b)	\
{									\
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(d);				\
	return sprintf(b, "%llu\n",					\
		(u64)atomic64_read(&zram->stats.name));			\
}									\
static struct device_attribute dev_attr_##name =			\
	__ATTR(name, S_IRUGO, zram_attr_##name##_show, NULL);

static inline int init_done(struct zram *zram)
{
	return zram->meta != NULL;
}

static inline struct zram *dev_to_zram(struct device *dev)
{
	return (struct zram *)dev_to_disk(dev)->private_data;
}

static ssize_t disksize_show(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n", zram->disksize);
}

static ssize_t initstate_show(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	u32 val;
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);

	down_read(&zram->init_lock);
	val = init_done(zram);
	up_read(&zram->init_lock);

	return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", val);
}

static ssize_t orig_data_size_show(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n",
		(u64)(atomic64_read(&zram->stats.pages_stored)) << PAGE_SHIFT);
}

static ssize_t mem_used_total_show(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	u64 val = 0;
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);
	struct zram_meta *meta = zram->meta;

	down_read(&zram->init_lock);
	if (init_done(zram))
		val = zs_get_total_size_bytes(meta->mem_pool);
	up_read(&zram->init_lock);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n", val);
}

static ssize_t max_comp_streams_show(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	int val;
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);

	down_read(&zram->init_lock);
	val = zram->max_comp_streams;
	up_read(&zram->init_lock);

	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", val);
}

static ssize_t max_comp_streams_store(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)
{
	int num;
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);

	if (kstrtoint(buf, 0, &num))
		return -EINVAL;
	if (num < 1)
		return -EINVAL;
	down_write(&zram->init_lock);
	if (init_done(zram)) {
		if (zcomp_set_max_streams(zram->comp, num))
			pr_info("Cannot change max compression streams\n");
	}
	zram->max_comp_streams = num;
	up_write(&zram->init_lock);
	return len;
}

/* flag operations needs meta->tb_lock */
static int zram_test_flag(struct zram_meta *meta, u32 index,
			enum zram_pageflags flag)
{
	return meta->table[index].flags & BIT(flag);
}

static void zram_set_flag(struct zram_meta *meta, u32 index,
			enum zram_pageflags flag)
{
	meta->table[index].flags |= BIT(flag);
}

static void zram_clear_flag(struct zram_meta *meta, u32 index,
			enum zram_pageflags flag)
{
	meta->table[index].flags &= ~BIT(flag);
}

static inline int is_partial_io(struct bio_vec *bvec)
{
	return bvec->bv_len != PAGE_SIZE;
}

/*
 * Check if request is within bounds and aligned on zram logical blocks.
 */
static inline int valid_io_request(struct zram *zram, struct bio *bio)
{
	u64 start, end, bound;

	/* unaligned request */
	if (unlikely(bio->bi_iter.bi_sector &
		     (ZRAM_SECTOR_PER_LOGICAL_BLOCK - 1)))
		return 0;
	if (unlikely(bio->bi_iter.bi_size & (ZRAM_LOGICAL_BLOCK_SIZE - 1)))
		return 0;

	start = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
	end = start + (bio->bi_iter.bi_size >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
	bound = zram->disksize >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
	/* out of range range */
	if (unlikely(start >= bound || end > bound || start > end))
		return 0;

	/* I/O request is valid */
	return 1;
}

static void zram_meta_free(struct zram_meta *meta)
{
	zs_destroy_pool(meta->mem_pool);
	vfree(meta->table);
	kfree(meta);
}

static struct zram_meta *zram_meta_alloc(u64 disksize)
{
	size_t num_pages;
	struct zram_meta *meta = kmalloc(sizeof(*meta), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!meta)
		goto out;

	num_pages = disksize >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	meta->table = vzalloc(num_pages * sizeof(*meta->table));
	if (!meta->table) {
		pr_err("Error allocating zram address table\n");
		goto free_meta;
	}

	meta->mem_pool = zs_create_pool(GFP_NOIO | __GFP_HIGHMEM);
	if (!meta->mem_pool) {
		pr_err("Error creating memory pool\n");
		goto free_table;
	}

	rwlock_init(&meta->tb_lock);
	return meta;

free_table:
	vfree(meta->table);
free_meta:
	kfree(meta);
	meta = NULL;
out:
	return meta;
}

static void update_position(u32 *index, int *offset, struct bio_vec *bvec)
{
	if (*offset + bvec->bv_len >= PAGE_SIZE)
		(*index)++;
	*offset = (*offset + bvec->bv_len) % PAGE_SIZE;
}

static int page_zero_filled(void *ptr)
{
	unsigned int pos;
	unsigned long *page;

	page = (unsigned long *)ptr;

	for (pos = 0; pos != PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(*page); pos++) {
		if (page[pos])
			return 0;
	}

	return 1;
}

static void handle_zero_page(struct bio_vec *bvec)
{
	struct page *page = bvec->bv_page;
	void *user_mem;

	user_mem = kmap_atomic(page);
	if (is_partial_io(bvec))
		memset(user_mem + bvec->bv_offset, 0, bvec->bv_len);
	else
		clear_page(user_mem);
	kunmap_atomic(user_mem);

	flush_dcache_page(page);
}

/* NOTE: caller should hold meta->tb_lock with write-side */
static void zram_free_page(struct zram *zram, size_t index)
{
	struct zram_meta *meta = zram->meta;
	unsigned long handle = meta->table[index].handle;

	if (unlikely(!handle)) {
		/*
		 * No memory is allocated for zero filled pages.
		 * Simply clear zero page flag.
		 */
		if (zram_test_flag(meta, index, ZRAM_ZERO)) {
			zram_clear_flag(meta, index, ZRAM_ZERO);
			atomic64_dec(&zram->stats.zero_pages);
		}
		return;
	}

	zs_free(meta->mem_pool, handle);

	atomic64_sub(meta->table[index].size, &zram->stats.compr_data_size);
	atomic64_dec(&zram->stats.pages_stored);

	meta->table[index].handle = 0;
	meta->table[index].size = 0;
}

static int zram_decompress_page(struct zram *zram, char *mem, u32 index)
{
	int ret = 0;
	unsigned char *cmem;
	struct zram_meta *meta = zram->meta;
	unsigned long handle;
	u16 size;

	read_lock(&meta->tb_lock);
	handle = meta->table[index].handle;
	size = meta->table[index].size;

	if (!handle || zram_test_flag(meta, index, ZRAM_ZERO)) {
		read_unlock(&meta->tb_lock);
		clear_page(mem);
		return 0;
	}

	cmem = zs_map_object(meta->mem_pool, handle, ZS_MM_RO);
	if (size == PAGE_SIZE)
		copy_page(mem, cmem);
	else
		ret = zcomp_decompress(zram->comp, cmem, size, mem);
	zs_unmap_object(meta->mem_pool, handle);
	read_unlock(&meta->tb_lock);

	/* Should NEVER happen. Return bio error if it does. */
	if (unlikely(ret)) {
		pr_err("Decompression failed! err=%d, page=%u\n", ret, index);
		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.failed_reads);
		return ret;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int zram_bvec_read(struct zram *zram, struct bio_vec *bvec,
			  u32 index, int offset, struct bio *bio)
{
	int ret;
	struct page *page;
	unsigned char *user_mem, *uncmem = NULL;
	struct zram_meta *meta = zram->meta;
	page = bvec->bv_page;

	read_lock(&meta->tb_lock);
	if (unlikely(!meta->table[index].handle) ||
			zram_test_flag(meta, index, ZRAM_ZERO)) {
		read_unlock(&meta->tb_lock);
		handle_zero_page(bvec);
		return 0;
	}
	read_unlock(&meta->tb_lock);

	if (is_partial_io(bvec))
		/* Use  a temporary buffer to decompress the page */
		uncmem = kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_NOIO);

	user_mem = kmap_atomic(page);
	if (!is_partial_io(bvec))
		uncmem = user_mem;

	if (!uncmem) {
		pr_info("Unable to allocate temp memory\n");
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto out_cleanup;
	}

	ret = zram_decompress_page(zram, uncmem, index);
	/* Should NEVER happen. Return bio error if it does. */
	if (unlikely(ret))
		goto out_cleanup;

	if (is_partial_io(bvec))
		memcpy(user_mem + bvec->bv_offset, uncmem + offset,
				bvec->bv_len);

	flush_dcache_page(page);
	ret = 0;
out_cleanup:
	kunmap_atomic(user_mem);
	if (is_partial_io(bvec))
		kfree(uncmem);
	return ret;
}

static int zram_bvec_write(struct zram *zram, struct bio_vec *bvec, u32 index,
			   int offset)
{
	int ret = 0;
	size_t clen;
	unsigned long handle;
	struct page *page;
	unsigned char *user_mem, *cmem, *src, *uncmem = NULL;
	struct zram_meta *meta = zram->meta;
	struct zcomp_strm *zstrm;
	bool locked = false;

	page = bvec->bv_page;
	if (is_partial_io(bvec)) {
		/*
		 * This is a partial IO. We need to read the full page
		 * before to write the changes.
		 */
		uncmem = kmalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_NOIO);
		if (!uncmem) {
			ret = -ENOMEM;
			goto out;
		}
		ret = zram_decompress_page(zram, uncmem, index);
		if (ret)
			goto out;
	}

	zstrm = zcomp_strm_find(zram->comp);
	locked = true;
	user_mem = kmap_atomic(page);

	if (is_partial_io(bvec)) {
		memcpy(uncmem + offset, user_mem + bvec->bv_offset,
		       bvec->bv_len);
		kunmap_atomic(user_mem);
		user_mem = NULL;
	} else {
		uncmem = user_mem;
	}

	if (page_zero_filled(uncmem)) {
		kunmap_atomic(user_mem);
		/* Free memory associated with this sector now. */
		write_lock(&zram->meta->tb_lock);
		zram_free_page(zram, index);
		zram_set_flag(meta, index, ZRAM_ZERO);
		write_unlock(&zram->meta->tb_lock);

		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.zero_pages);
		ret = 0;
		goto out;
	}

	ret = zcomp_compress(zram->comp, zstrm, uncmem, &clen);
	if (!is_partial_io(bvec)) {
		kunmap_atomic(user_mem);
		user_mem = NULL;
		uncmem = NULL;
	}

	if (unlikely(ret)) {
		pr_err("Compression failed! err=%d\n", ret);
		goto out;
	}
	src = zstrm->buffer;
	if (unlikely(clen > max_zpage_size)) {
		clen = PAGE_SIZE;
		if (is_partial_io(bvec))
			src = uncmem;
	}

	handle = zs_malloc(meta->mem_pool, clen);
	if (!handle) {
		pr_info("Error allocating memory for compressed page: %u, size=%zu\n",
			index, clen);
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto out;
	}
	cmem = zs_map_object(meta->mem_pool, handle, ZS_MM_WO);

	if ((clen == PAGE_SIZE) && !is_partial_io(bvec)) {
		src = kmap_atomic(page);
		copy_page(cmem, src);
		kunmap_atomic(src);
	} else {
		memcpy(cmem, src, clen);
	}

	zcomp_strm_release(zram->comp, zstrm);
	locked = false;
	zs_unmap_object(meta->mem_pool, handle);

	/*
	 * Free memory associated with this sector
	 * before overwriting unused sectors.
	 */
	write_lock(&zram->meta->tb_lock);
	zram_free_page(zram, index);

	meta->table[index].handle = handle;
	meta->table[index].size = clen;
	write_unlock(&zram->meta->tb_lock);

	/* Update stats */
	atomic64_add(clen, &zram->stats.compr_data_size);
	atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.pages_stored);
out:
	if (locked)
		zcomp_strm_release(zram->comp, zstrm);
	if (is_partial_io(bvec))
		kfree(uncmem);
	if (ret)
		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.failed_writes);
	return ret;
}

static int zram_bvec_rw(struct zram *zram, struct bio_vec *bvec, u32 index,
			int offset, struct bio *bio)
{
	int ret;
	int rw = bio_data_dir(bio);

	if (rw == READ) {
		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.num_reads);
		ret = zram_bvec_read(zram, bvec, index, offset, bio);
	} else {
		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.num_writes);
		ret = zram_bvec_write(zram, bvec, index, offset);
	}

	return ret;
}

static void zram_reset_device(struct zram *zram, bool reset_capacity)
{
	size_t index;
	struct zram_meta *meta;

	down_write(&zram->init_lock);
	if (!init_done(zram)) {
		up_write(&zram->init_lock);
		return;
	}

	meta = zram->meta;
	/* Free all pages that are still in this zram device */
	for (index = 0; index < zram->disksize >> PAGE_SHIFT; index++) {
		unsigned long handle = meta->table[index].handle;
		if (!handle)
			continue;

		zs_free(meta->mem_pool, handle);
	}

	zcomp_destroy(zram->comp);
	zram->max_comp_streams = 1;

	zram_meta_free(zram->meta);
	zram->meta = NULL;
	/* Reset stats */
	memset(&zram->stats, 0, sizeof(zram->stats));

	zram->disksize = 0;
	if (reset_capacity)
		set_capacity(zram->disk, 0);
	up_write(&zram->init_lock);
}

static ssize_t disksize_store(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)
{
	u64 disksize;
	struct zram_meta *meta;
	struct zram *zram = dev_to_zram(dev);
	int err;

	disksize = memparse(buf, NULL);
	if (!disksize)
		return -EINVAL;

	disksize = PAGE_ALIGN(disksize);
	meta = zram_meta_alloc(disksize);
	if (!meta)
		return -ENOMEM;

	down_write(&zram->init_lock);
	if (init_done(zram)) {
		pr_info("Cannot change disksize for initialized device\n");
		err = -EBUSY;
		goto out_free_meta;
	}

	zram->comp = zcomp_create(default_compressor, zram->max_comp_streams);
	if (!zram->comp) {
		pr_info("Cannot initialise %s compressing backend\n",
				default_compressor);
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto out_free_meta;
	}

	zram->meta = meta;
	zram->disksize = disksize;
	set_capacity(zram->disk, zram->disksize >> SECTOR_SHIFT);
	up_write(&zram->init_lock);

	return len;

out_free_meta:
	up_write(&zram->init_lock);
	zram_meta_free(meta);
	return err;
}

static ssize_t reset_store(struct device *dev,
		struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t len)
{
	int ret;
	unsigned short do_reset;
	struct zram *zram;
	struct block_device *bdev;

	zram = dev_to_zram(dev);
	bdev = bdget_disk(zram->disk, 0);

	if (!bdev)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Do not reset an active device! */
	if (bdev->bd_holders) {
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto out;
	}

	ret = kstrtou16(buf, 10, &do_reset);
	if (ret)
		goto out;

	if (!do_reset) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/* Make sure all pending I/O is finished */
	fsync_bdev(bdev);
	bdput(bdev);

	zram_reset_device(zram, true);
	return len;

out:
	bdput(bdev);
	return ret;
}

static void __zram_make_request(struct zram *zram, struct bio *bio)
{
	int offset;
	u32 index;
	struct bio_vec bvec;
	struct bvec_iter iter;

	index = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector >> SECTORS_PER_PAGE_SHIFT;
	offset = (bio->bi_iter.bi_sector &
		  (SECTORS_PER_PAGE - 1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT;

	bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, iter) {
		int max_transfer_size = PAGE_SIZE - offset;

		if (bvec.bv_len > max_transfer_size) {
			/*
			 * zram_bvec_rw() can only make operation on a single
			 * zram page. Split the bio vector.
			 */
			struct bio_vec bv;

			bv.bv_page = bvec.bv_page;
			bv.bv_len = max_transfer_size;
			bv.bv_offset = bvec.bv_offset;

			if (zram_bvec_rw(zram, &bv, index, offset, bio) < 0)
				goto out;

			bv.bv_len = bvec.bv_len - max_transfer_size;
			bv.bv_offset += max_transfer_size;
			if (zram_bvec_rw(zram, &bv, index + 1, 0, bio) < 0)
				goto out;
		} else
			if (zram_bvec_rw(zram, &bvec, index, offset, bio) < 0)
				goto out;

		update_position(&index, &offset, &bvec);
	}

	set_bit(BIO_UPTODATE, &bio->bi_flags);
	bio_endio(bio, 0);
	return;

out:
	bio_io_error(bio);
}

/*
 * Handler function for all zram I/O requests.
 */
static void zram_make_request(struct request_queue *queue, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct zram *zram = queue->queuedata;

	down_read(&zram->init_lock);
	if (unlikely(!init_done(zram)))
		goto error;

	if (!valid_io_request(zram, bio)) {
		atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.invalid_io);
		goto error;
	}

	__zram_make_request(zram, bio);
	up_read(&zram->init_lock);

	return;

error:
	up_read(&zram->init_lock);
	bio_io_error(bio);
}

static void zram_slot_free_notify(struct block_device *bdev,
				unsigned long index)
{
	struct zram *zram;
	struct zram_meta *meta;

	zram = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
	meta = zram->meta;

	write_lock(&meta->tb_lock);
	zram_free_page(zram, index);
	write_unlock(&meta->tb_lock);
	atomic64_inc(&zram->stats.notify_free);
}

static const struct block_device_operations zram_devops = {
	.swap_slot_free_notify = zram_slot_free_notify,
	.owner = THIS_MODULE
};

static DEVICE_ATTR(disksize, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
		disksize_show, disksize_store);
static DEVICE_ATTR(initstate, S_IRUGO, initstate_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(reset, S_IWUSR, NULL, reset_store);
static DEVICE_ATTR(orig_data_size, S_IRUGO, orig_data_size_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(mem_used_total, S_IRUGO, mem_used_total_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(max_comp_streams, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
		max_comp_streams_show, max_comp_streams_store);

ZRAM_ATTR_RO(num_reads);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(num_writes);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(failed_reads);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(failed_writes);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(invalid_io);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(notify_free);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(zero_pages);
ZRAM_ATTR_RO(compr_data_size);

static struct attribute *zram_disk_attrs[] = {
	&dev_attr_disksize.attr,
	&dev_attr_initstate.attr,
	&dev_attr_reset.attr,
	&dev_attr_num_reads.attr,
	&dev_attr_num_writes.attr,
	&dev_attr_failed_reads.attr,
	&dev_attr_failed_writes.attr,
	&dev_attr_invalid_io.attr,
	&dev_attr_notify_free.attr,
	&dev_attr_zero_pages.attr,
	&dev_attr_orig_data_size.attr,
	&dev_attr_compr_data_size.attr,
	&dev_attr_mem_used_total.attr,
	&dev_attr_max_comp_streams.attr,
	NULL,
};

static struct attribute_group zram_disk_attr_group = {
	.attrs = zram_disk_attrs,
};

static int create_device(struct zram *zram, int device_id)
{
	int ret = -ENOMEM;

	init_rwsem(&zram->init_lock);

	zram->queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!zram->queue) {
		pr_err("Error allocating disk queue for device %d\n",
			device_id);
		goto out;
	}

	blk_queue_make_request(zram->queue, zram_make_request);
	zram->queue->queuedata = zram;

	 /* gendisk structure */
	zram->disk = alloc_disk(1);
	if (!zram->disk) {
		pr_warn("Error allocating disk structure for device %d\n",
			device_id);
		goto out_free_queue;
	}

	zram->disk->major = zram_major;
	zram->disk->first_minor = device_id;
	zram->disk->fops = &zram_devops;
	zram->disk->queue = zram->queue;
	zram->disk->private_data = zram;
	snprintf(zram->disk->disk_name, 16, "zram%d", device_id);

	/* Actual capacity set using syfs (/sys/block/zram<id>/disksize */
	set_capacity(zram->disk, 0);
	/* zram devices sort of resembles non-rotational disks */
	queue_flag_set_unlocked(QUEUE_FLAG_NONROT, zram->disk->queue);
	/*
	 * To ensure that we always get PAGE_SIZE aligned
	 * and n*PAGE_SIZED sized I/O requests.
	 */
	blk_queue_physical_block_size(zram->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
	blk_queue_logical_block_size(zram->disk->queue,
					ZRAM_LOGICAL_BLOCK_SIZE);
	blk_queue_io_min(zram->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);
	blk_queue_io_opt(zram->disk->queue, PAGE_SIZE);

	add_disk(zram->disk);

	ret = sysfs_create_group(&disk_to_dev(zram->disk)->kobj,
				&zram_disk_attr_group);
	if (ret < 0) {
		pr_warn("Error creating sysfs group");
		goto out_free_disk;
	}

	zram->meta = NULL;
	zram->max_comp_streams = 1;
	return 0;

out_free_disk:
	del_gendisk(zram->disk);
	put_disk(zram->disk);
out_free_queue:
	blk_cleanup_queue(zram->queue);
out:
	return ret;
}

static void destroy_device(struct zram *zram)
{
	sysfs_remove_group(&disk_to_dev(zram->disk)->kobj,
			&zram_disk_attr_group);

	del_gendisk(zram->disk);
	put_disk(zram->disk);

	blk_cleanup_queue(zram->queue);
}

static int __init zram_init(void)
{
	int ret, dev_id;

	if (num_devices > max_num_devices) {
		pr_warn("Invalid value for num_devices: %u\n",
				num_devices);
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	zram_major = register_blkdev(0, "zram");
	if (zram_major <= 0) {
		pr_warn("Unable to get major number\n");
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto out;
	}

	/* Allocate the device array and initialize each one */
	zram_devices = kzalloc(num_devices * sizeof(struct zram), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!zram_devices) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto unregister;
	}

	for (dev_id = 0; dev_id < num_devices; dev_id++) {
		ret = create_device(&zram_devices[dev_id], dev_id);
		if (ret)
			goto free_devices;
	}

	pr_info("Created %u device(s) ...\n", num_devices);

	return 0;

free_devices:
	while (dev_id)
		destroy_device(&zram_devices[--dev_id]);
	kfree(zram_devices);
unregister:
	unregister_blkdev(zram_major, "zram");
out:
	return ret;
}

static void __exit zram_exit(void)
{
	int i;
	struct zram *zram;

	for (i = 0; i < num_devices; i++) {
		zram = &zram_devices[i];

		destroy_device(zram);
		/*
		 * Shouldn't access zram->disk after destroy_device
		 * because destroy_device already released zram->disk.
		 */
		zram_reset_device(zram, false);
	}

	unregister_blkdev(zram_major, "zram");

	kfree(zram_devices);
	pr_debug("Cleanup done!\n");
}

module_init(zram_init);
module_exit(zram_exit);

module_param(num_devices, uint, 0);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(num_devices, "Number of zram devices");

MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Compressed RAM Block Device");