Part of #33027, also discussed in #29848.
Enforcing the use of brackets even on single line statements would be
preferred, but `clang-format` doesn't have this functionality yet.
For us, it practically only changes the fact that `A<A<int>>` is now
used instead of the C++03 compatible `A<A<int> >`.
Note: clang-format 10+ changed the `Standard` arguments to fully
specified `c++11`, `c++14`, etc. versions, but we can't use `c++17`
now if we want to preserve compatibility with clang-format 8 and 9.
`Cpp11` is still supported as deprecated alias for `Latest`.
Adapted some parameters to fit the de facto Godot style as closely as possible
(tab indentation, long lines with no wrapping - for now -, indented case labels,
left-aligned pointer operators).
