mirror of
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e9c9963b43
This reverts commit b44158b170. This commit
introduced warnings and possibly inconsistent results into the doc build
process. The goal is good but it will need to be achieved another way.
Reported-by: Masanari Iida <standby24x7@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
794 lines
30 KiB
XML
794 lines
30 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
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<book id="USB-Gadget-API">
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<bookinfo>
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<title>USB Gadget API for Linux</title>
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<date>20 August 2004</date>
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<edition>20 August 2004</edition>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>
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This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
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it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
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version.
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</para>
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<para>
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
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useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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</para>
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<para>
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
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Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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MA 02111-1307 USA
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</para>
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<para>
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For more details see the file COPYING in the source
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distribution of Linux.
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</para>
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</legalnotice>
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<copyright>
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<year>2003-2004</year>
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<holder>David Brownell</holder>
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</copyright>
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<author>
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<firstname>David</firstname>
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<surname>Brownell</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</bookinfo>
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<toc></toc>
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<chapter id="intro"><title>Introduction</title>
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<para>This document presents a Linux-USB "Gadget"
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kernel mode
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API, for use within peripherals and other USB devices
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that embed Linux.
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It provides an overview of the API structure,
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and shows how that fits into a system development project.
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This is the first such API released on Linux to address
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a number of important problems, including: </para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Supports USB 2.0, for high speed devices which
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can stream data at several dozen megabytes per second.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Handles devices with dozens of endpoints just as
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well as ones with just two fixed-function ones. Gadget drivers
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can be written so they're easy to port to new hardware.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Flexible enough to expose more complex USB device
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capabilities such as multiple configurations, multiple interfaces,
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composite devices,
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and alternate interface settings.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>USB "On-The-Go" (OTG) support, in conjunction
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with updates to the Linux-USB host side.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Sharing data structures and API models with the
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Linux-USB host side API. This helps the OTG support, and
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looks forward to more-symmetric frameworks (where the same
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I/O model is used by both host and device side drivers).
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Minimalist, so it's easier to support new device
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controller hardware. I/O processing doesn't imply large
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demands for memory or CPU resources.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Most Linux developers will not be able to use this API, since they
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have USB "host" hardware in a PC, workstation, or server.
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Linux users with embedded systems are more likely to
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have USB peripheral hardware.
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To distinguish drivers running inside such hardware from the
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more familiar Linux "USB device drivers",
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which are host side proxies for the real USB devices,
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a different term is used:
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the drivers inside the peripherals are "USB gadget drivers".
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In USB protocol interactions, the device driver is the master
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(or "client driver")
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and the gadget driver is the slave (or "function driver").
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</para>
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<para>The gadget API resembles the host side Linux-USB API in that both
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use queues of request objects to package I/O buffers, and those requests
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may be submitted or canceled.
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They share common definitions for the standard USB
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<emphasis>Chapter 9</emphasis> messages, structures, and constants.
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Also, both APIs bind and unbind drivers to devices.
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The APIs differ in detail, since the host side's current
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URB framework exposes a number of implementation details
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and assumptions that are inappropriate for a gadget API.
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While the model for control transfers and configuration
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management is necessarily different (one side is a hardware-neutral master,
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the other is a hardware-aware slave), the endpoint I/0 API used here
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should also be usable for an overhead-reduced host side API.
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</para>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="structure"><title>Structure of Gadget Drivers</title>
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<para>A system running inside a USB peripheral
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normally has at least three layers inside the kernel to handle
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USB protocol processing, and may have additional layers in
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user space code.
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The "gadget" API is used by the middle layer to interact
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with the lowest level (which directly handles hardware).
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</para>
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<para>In Linux, from the bottom up, these layers are:
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis>USB Controller Driver</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>This is the lowest software level.
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It is the only layer that talks to hardware,
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through registers, fifos, dma, irqs, and the like.
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The <filename><linux/usb/gadget.h></filename> API abstracts
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the peripheral controller endpoint hardware.
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That hardware is exposed through endpoint objects, which accept
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streams of IN/OUT buffers, and through callbacks that interact
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with gadget drivers.
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Since normal USB devices only have one upstream
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port, they only have one of these drivers.
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The controller driver can support any number of different
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gadget drivers, but only one of them can be used at a time.
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</para>
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<para>Examples of such controller hardware include
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the PCI-based NetChip 2280 USB 2.0 high speed controller,
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the SA-11x0 or PXA-25x UDC (found within many PDAs),
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and a variety of other products.
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</para>
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</listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis>Gadget Driver</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The lower boundary of this driver implements hardware-neutral
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USB functions, using calls to the controller driver.
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Because such hardware varies widely in capabilities and restrictions,
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and is used in embedded environments where space is at a premium,
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the gadget driver is often configured at compile time
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to work with endpoints supported by one particular controller.
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Gadget drivers may be portable to several different controllers,
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using conditional compilation.
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(Recent kernels substantially simplify the work involved in
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supporting new hardware, by <emphasis>autoconfiguring</emphasis>
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endpoints automatically for many bulk-oriented drivers.)
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Gadget driver responsibilities include:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>handling setup requests (ep0 protocol responses)
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possibly including class-specific functionality
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>returning configuration and string descriptors
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>(re)setting configurations and interface
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altsettings, including enabling and configuring endpoints
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>handling life cycle events, such as managing
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bindings to hardware,
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USB suspend/resume, remote wakeup,
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and disconnection from the USB host.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>managing IN and OUT transfers on all currently
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enabled endpoints
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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Such drivers may be modules of proprietary code, although
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that approach is discouraged in the Linux community.
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</para>
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</listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis>Upper Level</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Most gadget drivers have an upper boundary that connects
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to some Linux driver or framework in Linux.
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Through that boundary flows the data which the gadget driver
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produces and/or consumes through protocol transfers over USB.
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Examples include:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>user mode code, using generic (gadgetfs)
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or application specific files in
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<filename>/dev</filename>
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>networking subsystem (for network gadgets,
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like the CDC Ethernet Model gadget driver)
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>data capture drivers, perhaps video4Linux or
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a scanner driver; or test and measurement hardware.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>input subsystem (for HID gadgets)
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>sound subsystem (for audio gadgets)
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>file system (for PTP gadgets)
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>block i/o subsystem (for usb-storage gadgets)
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>... and more </para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis>Additional Layers</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Other layers may exist.
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These could include kernel layers, such as network protocol stacks,
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as well as user mode applications building on standard POSIX
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system call APIs such as
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<emphasis>open()</emphasis>, <emphasis>close()</emphasis>,
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<emphasis>read()</emphasis> and <emphasis>write()</emphasis>.
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On newer systems, POSIX Async I/O calls may be an option.
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Such user mode code will not necessarily be subject to
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the GNU General Public License (GPL).
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</para>
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</listitem></varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>OTG-capable systems will also need to include a standard Linux-USB
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host side stack,
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with <emphasis>usbcore</emphasis>,
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one or more <emphasis>Host Controller Drivers</emphasis> (HCDs),
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<emphasis>USB Device Drivers</emphasis> to support
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the OTG "Targeted Peripheral List",
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and so forth.
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There will also be an <emphasis>OTG Controller Driver</emphasis>,
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which is visible to gadget and device driver developers only indirectly.
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That helps the host and device side USB controllers implement the
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two new OTG protocols (HNP and SRP).
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Roles switch (host to peripheral, or vice versa) using HNP
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during USB suspend processing, and SRP can be viewed as a
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more battery-friendly kind of device wakeup protocol.
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</para>
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<para>Over time, reusable utilities are evolving to help make some
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gadget driver tasks simpler.
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For example, building configuration descriptors from vectors of
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descriptors for the configurations interfaces and endpoints is
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now automated, and many drivers now use autoconfiguration to
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choose hardware endpoints and initialize their descriptors.
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A potential example of particular interest
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is code implementing standard USB-IF protocols for
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HID, networking, storage, or audio classes.
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Some developers are interested in KDB or KGDB hooks, to let
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target hardware be remotely debugged.
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Most such USB protocol code doesn't need to be hardware-specific,
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any more than network protocols like X11, HTTP, or NFS are.
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Such gadget-side interface drivers should eventually be combined,
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to implement composite devices.
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</para>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="api"><title>Kernel Mode Gadget API</title>
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<para>Gadget drivers declare themselves through a
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<emphasis>struct usb_gadget_driver</emphasis>, which is responsible for
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most parts of enumeration for a <emphasis>struct usb_gadget</emphasis>.
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The response to a set_configuration usually involves
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enabling one or more of the <emphasis>struct usb_ep</emphasis> objects
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exposed by the gadget, and submitting one or more
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<emphasis>struct usb_request</emphasis> buffers to transfer data.
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Understand those four data types, and their operations, and
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you will understand how this API works.
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</para>
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<note><title>Incomplete Data Type Descriptions</title>
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<para>This documentation was prepared using the standard Linux
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kernel <filename>docproc</filename> tool, which turns text
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and in-code comments into SGML DocBook and then into usable
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formats such as HTML or PDF.
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Other than the "Chapter 9" data types, most of the significant
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data types and functions are described here.
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</para>
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<para>However, docproc does not understand all the C constructs
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that are used, so some relevant information is likely omitted from
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what you are reading.
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One example of such information is endpoint autoconfiguration.
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You'll have to read the header file, and use example source
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code (such as that for "Gadget Zero"), to fully understand the API.
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</para>
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<para>The part of the API implementing some basic
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driver capabilities is specific to the version of the
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Linux kernel that's in use.
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The 2.6 kernel includes a <emphasis>driver model</emphasis>
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framework that has no analogue on earlier kernels;
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so those parts of the gadget API are not fully portable.
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(They are implemented on 2.4 kernels, but in a different way.)
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The driver model state is another part of this API that is
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ignored by the kerneldoc tools.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>The core API does not expose
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every possible hardware feature, only the most widely available ones.
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There are significant hardware features, such as device-to-device DMA
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(without temporary storage in a memory buffer)
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that would be added using hardware-specific APIs.
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</para>
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<para>This API allows drivers to use conditional compilation to handle
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endpoint capabilities of different hardware, but doesn't require that.
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Hardware tends to have arbitrary restrictions, relating to
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transfer types, addressing, packet sizes, buffering, and availability.
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As a rule, such differences only matter for "endpoint zero" logic
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that handles device configuration and management.
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The API supports limited run-time
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detection of capabilities, through naming conventions for endpoints.
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Many drivers will be able to at least partially autoconfigure
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themselves.
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In particular, driver init sections will often have endpoint
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autoconfiguration logic that scans the hardware's list of endpoints
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to find ones matching the driver requirements
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(relying on those conventions), to eliminate some of the most
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common reasons for conditional compilation.
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</para>
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<para>Like the Linux-USB host side API, this API exposes
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the "chunky" nature of USB messages: I/O requests are in terms
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of one or more "packets", and packet boundaries are visible to drivers.
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Compared to RS-232 serial protocols, USB resembles
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synchronous protocols like HDLC
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(N bytes per frame, multipoint addressing, host as the primary
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station and devices as secondary stations)
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more than asynchronous ones
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(tty style: 8 data bits per frame, no parity, one stop bit).
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So for example the controller drivers won't buffer
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two single byte writes into a single two-byte USB IN packet,
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although gadget drivers may do so when they implement
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protocols where packet boundaries (and "short packets")
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are not significant.
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</para>
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<sect1 id="lifecycle"><title>Driver Life Cycle</title>
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<para>Gadget drivers make endpoint I/O requests to hardware without
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needing to know many details of the hardware, but driver
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setup/configuration code needs to handle some differences.
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Use the API like this:
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</para>
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<orderedlist numeration='arabic'>
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<listitem><para>Register a driver for the particular device side
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usb controller hardware,
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such as the net2280 on PCI (USB 2.0),
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sa11x0 or pxa25x as found in Linux PDAs,
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and so on.
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At this point the device is logically in the USB ch9 initial state
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("attached"), drawing no power and not usable
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(since it does not yet support enumeration).
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Any host should not see the device, since it's not
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activated the data line pullup used by the host to
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detect a device, even if VBUS power is available.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Register a gadget driver that implements some higher level
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device function. That will then bind() to a usb_gadget, which
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activates the data line pullup sometime after detecting VBUS.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The hardware driver can now start enumerating.
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The steps it handles are to accept USB power and set_address requests.
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Other steps are handled by the gadget driver.
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If the gadget driver module is unloaded before the host starts to
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enumerate, steps before step 7 are skipped.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The gadget driver's setup() call returns usb descriptors,
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based both on what the bus interface hardware provides and on the
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functionality being implemented.
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That can involve alternate settings or configurations,
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unless the hardware prevents such operation.
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For OTG devices, each configuration descriptor includes
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an OTG descriptor.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The gadget driver handles the last step of enumeration,
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when the USB host issues a set_configuration call.
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It enables all endpoints used in that configuration,
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with all interfaces in their default settings.
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That involves using a list of the hardware's endpoints, enabling each
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endpoint according to its descriptor.
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It may also involve using <function>usb_gadget_vbus_draw</function>
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to let more power be drawn from VBUS, as allowed by that configuration.
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For OTG devices, setting a configuration may also involve reporting
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HNP capabilities through a user interface.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Do real work and perform data transfers, possibly involving
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changes to interface settings or switching to new configurations, until the
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device is disconnect()ed from the host.
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Queue any number of transfer requests to each endpoint.
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It may be suspended and resumed several times before being disconnected.
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On disconnect, the drivers go back to step 3 (above).
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When the gadget driver module is being unloaded,
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the driver unbind() callback is issued. That lets the controller
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driver be unloaded.
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</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Drivers will normally be arranged so that just loading the
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gadget driver module (or statically linking it into a Linux kernel)
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allows the peripheral device to be enumerated, but some drivers
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will defer enumeration until some higher level component (like
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a user mode daemon) enables it.
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Note that at this lowest level there are no policies about how
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ep0 configuration logic is implemented,
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except that it should obey USB specifications.
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Such issues are in the domain of gadget drivers,
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including knowing about implementation constraints
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imposed by some USB controllers
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or understanding that composite devices might happen to
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be built by integrating reusable components.
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</para>
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<para>Note that the lifecycle above can be slightly different
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for OTG devices.
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Other than providing an additional OTG descriptor in each
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configuration, only the HNP-related differences are particularly
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visible to driver code.
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They involve reporting requirements during the SET_CONFIGURATION
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request, and the option to invoke HNP during some suspend callbacks.
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Also, SRP changes the semantics of
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<function>usb_gadget_wakeup</function>
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slightly.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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|
|
<sect1 id="ch9"><title>USB 2.0 Chapter 9 Types and Constants</title>
|
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|
|
<para>Gadget drivers
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rely on common USB structures and constants
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|
defined in the
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<filename><linux/usb/ch9.h></filename>
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header file, which is standard in Linux 2.6 kernels.
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These are the same types and constants used by host
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side drivers (and usbcore).
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</para>
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|
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!Iinclude/linux/usb/ch9.h
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</sect1>
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|
|
<sect1 id="core"><title>Core Objects and Methods</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>These are declared in
|
|
<filename><linux/usb/gadget.h></filename>,
|
|
and are used by gadget drivers to interact with
|
|
USB peripheral controller drivers.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<!-- yeech, this is ugly in nsgmls PDF output.
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|
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the PDF bookmark and refentry output nesting is wrong,
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and the member/argument documentation indents ugly.
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plus something (docproc?) adds whitespace before the
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descriptive paragraph text, so it can't line up right
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unless the explanations are trivial.
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-->
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|
!Iinclude/linux/usb/gadget.h
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="utils"><title>Optional Utilities</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The core API is sufficient for writing a USB Gadget Driver,
|
|
but some optional utilities are provided to simplify common tasks.
|
|
These utilities include endpoint autoconfiguration.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/usbstring.c
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/config.c
|
|
<!-- !Edrivers/usb/gadget/epautoconf.c -->
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="composite"><title>Composite Device Framework</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The core API is sufficient for writing drivers for composite
|
|
USB devices (with more than one function in a given configuration),
|
|
and also multi-configuration devices (also more than one function,
|
|
but not necessarily sharing a given configuration).
|
|
There is however an optional framework which makes it easier to
|
|
reuse and combine functions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Devices using this framework provide a <emphasis>struct
|
|
usb_composite_driver</emphasis>, which in turn provides one or
|
|
more <emphasis>struct usb_configuration</emphasis> instances.
|
|
Each such configuration includes at least one
|
|
<emphasis>struct usb_function</emphasis>, which packages a user
|
|
visible role such as "network link" or "mass storage device".
|
|
Management functions may also exist, such as "Device Firmware
|
|
Upgrade".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
!Iinclude/linux/usb/composite.h
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/composite.c
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="functions"><title>Composite Device Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>At this writing, a few of the current gadget drivers have
|
|
been converted to this framework.
|
|
Near-term plans include converting all of them, except for "gadgetfs".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/function/f_acm.c
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/function/f_ecm.c
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/function/f_subset.c
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/function/f_obex.c
|
|
!Edrivers/usb/gadget/function/f_serial.c
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="controllers"><title>Peripheral Controller Drivers</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The first hardware supporting this API was the NetChip 2280
|
|
controller, which supports USB 2.0 high speed and is based on PCI.
|
|
This is the <filename>net2280</filename> driver module.
|
|
The driver supports Linux kernel versions 2.4 and 2.6;
|
|
contact NetChip Technologies for development boards and product
|
|
information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Other hardware working in the "gadget" framework includes:
|
|
Intel's PXA 25x and IXP42x series processors
|
|
(<filename>pxa2xx_udc</filename>),
|
|
Toshiba TC86c001 "Goku-S" (<filename>goku_udc</filename>),
|
|
Renesas SH7705/7727 (<filename>sh_udc</filename>),
|
|
MediaQ 11xx (<filename>mq11xx_udc</filename>),
|
|
Hynix HMS30C7202 (<filename>h7202_udc</filename>),
|
|
National 9303/4 (<filename>n9604_udc</filename>),
|
|
Texas Instruments OMAP (<filename>omap_udc</filename>),
|
|
Sharp LH7A40x (<filename>lh7a40x_udc</filename>),
|
|
and more.
|
|
Most of those are full speed controllers.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>At this writing, there are people at work on drivers in
|
|
this framework for several other USB device controllers,
|
|
with plans to make many of them be widely available.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<!-- !Edrivers/usb/gadget/net2280.c -->
|
|
|
|
<para>A partial USB simulator,
|
|
the <filename>dummy_hcd</filename> driver, is available.
|
|
It can act like a net2280, a pxa25x, or an sa11x0 in terms
|
|
of available endpoints and device speeds; and it simulates
|
|
control, bulk, and to some extent interrupt transfers.
|
|
That lets you develop some parts of a gadget driver on a normal PC,
|
|
without any special hardware, and perhaps with the assistance
|
|
of tools such as GDB running with User Mode Linux.
|
|
At least one person has expressed interest in adapting that
|
|
approach, hooking it up to a simulator for a microcontroller.
|
|
Such simulators can help debug subsystems where the runtime hardware
|
|
is unfriendly to software development, or is not yet available.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Support for other controllers is expected to be developed
|
|
and contributed
|
|
over time, as this driver framework evolves.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="gadget"><title>Gadget Drivers</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>In addition to <emphasis>Gadget Zero</emphasis>
|
|
(used primarily for testing and development with drivers
|
|
for usb controller hardware), other gadget drivers exist.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There's an <emphasis>ethernet</emphasis> gadget
|
|
driver, which implements one of the most useful
|
|
<emphasis>Communications Device Class</emphasis> (CDC) models.
|
|
One of the standards for cable modem interoperability even
|
|
specifies the use of this ethernet model as one of two
|
|
mandatory options.
|
|
Gadgets using this code look to a USB host as if they're
|
|
an Ethernet adapter.
|
|
It provides access to a network where the gadget's CPU is one host,
|
|
which could easily be bridging, routing, or firewalling
|
|
access to other networks.
|
|
Since some hardware can't fully implement the CDC Ethernet
|
|
requirements, this driver also implements a "good parts only"
|
|
subset of CDC Ethernet.
|
|
(That subset doesn't advertise itself as CDC Ethernet,
|
|
to avoid creating problems.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Support for Microsoft's <emphasis>RNDIS</emphasis>
|
|
protocol has been contributed by Pengutronix and Auerswald GmbH.
|
|
This is like CDC Ethernet, but it runs on more slightly USB hardware
|
|
(but less than the CDC subset).
|
|
However, its main claim to fame is being able to connect directly to
|
|
recent versions of Windows, using drivers that Microsoft bundles
|
|
and supports, making it much simpler to network with Windows.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There is also support for user mode gadget drivers,
|
|
using <emphasis>gadgetfs</emphasis>.
|
|
This provides a <emphasis>User Mode API</emphasis> that presents
|
|
each endpoint as a single file descriptor. I/O is done using
|
|
normal <emphasis>read()</emphasis> and <emphasis>read()</emphasis> calls.
|
|
Familiar tools like GDB and pthreads can be used to
|
|
develop and debug user mode drivers, so that once a robust
|
|
controller driver is available many applications for it
|
|
won't require new kernel mode software.
|
|
Linux 2.6 <emphasis>Async I/O (AIO)</emphasis>
|
|
support is available, so that user mode software
|
|
can stream data with only slightly more overhead
|
|
than a kernel driver.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There's a USB Mass Storage class driver, which provides
|
|
a different solution for interoperability with systems such
|
|
as MS-Windows and MacOS.
|
|
That <emphasis>Mass Storage</emphasis> driver uses a
|
|
file or block device as backing store for a drive,
|
|
like the <filename>loop</filename> driver.
|
|
The USB host uses the BBB, CB, or CBI versions of the mass
|
|
storage class specification, using transparent SCSI commands
|
|
to access the data from the backing store.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There's a "serial line" driver, useful for TTY style
|
|
operation over USB.
|
|
The latest version of that driver supports CDC ACM style
|
|
operation, like a USB modem, and so on most hardware it can
|
|
interoperate easily with MS-Windows.
|
|
One interesting use of that driver is in boot firmware (like a BIOS),
|
|
which can sometimes use that model with very small systems without
|
|
real serial lines.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Support for other kinds of gadget is expected to
|
|
be developed and contributed
|
|
over time, as this driver framework evolves.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="otg"><title>USB On-The-GO (OTG)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>USB OTG support on Linux 2.6 was initially developed
|
|
by Texas Instruments for
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.omap.com">OMAP</ulink> 16xx and 17xx
|
|
series processors.
|
|
Other OTG systems should work in similar ways, but the
|
|
hardware level details could be very different.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Systems need specialized hardware support to implement OTG,
|
|
notably including a special <emphasis>Mini-AB</emphasis> jack
|
|
and associated transceiver to support <emphasis>Dual-Role</emphasis>
|
|
operation:
|
|
they can act either as a host, using the standard
|
|
Linux-USB host side driver stack,
|
|
or as a peripheral, using this "gadget" framework.
|
|
To do that, the system software relies on small additions
|
|
to those programming interfaces,
|
|
and on a new internal component (here called an "OTG Controller")
|
|
affecting which driver stack connects to the OTG port.
|
|
In each role, the system can re-use the existing pool of
|
|
hardware-neutral drivers, layered on top of the controller
|
|
driver interfaces (<emphasis>usb_bus</emphasis> or
|
|
<emphasis>usb_gadget</emphasis>).
|
|
Such drivers need at most minor changes, and most of the calls
|
|
added to support OTG can also benefit non-OTG products.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Gadget drivers test the <emphasis>is_otg</emphasis>
|
|
flag, and use it to determine whether or not to include
|
|
an OTG descriptor in each of their configurations.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Gadget drivers may need changes to support the
|
|
two new OTG protocols, exposed in new gadget attributes
|
|
such as <emphasis>b_hnp_enable</emphasis> flag.
|
|
HNP support should be reported through a user interface
|
|
(two LEDs could suffice), and is triggered in some cases
|
|
when the host suspends the peripheral.
|
|
SRP support can be user-initiated just like remote wakeup,
|
|
probably by pressing the same button.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>On the host side, USB device drivers need
|
|
to be taught to trigger HNP at appropriate moments, using
|
|
<function>usb_suspend_device()</function>.
|
|
That also conserves battery power, which is useful even
|
|
for non-OTG configurations.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Also on the host side, a driver must support the
|
|
OTG "Targeted Peripheral List". That's just a whitelist,
|
|
used to reject peripherals not supported with a given
|
|
Linux OTG host.
|
|
<emphasis>This whitelist is product-specific;
|
|
each product must modify <filename>otg_whitelist.h</filename>
|
|
to match its interoperability specification.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>Non-OTG Linux hosts, like PCs and workstations,
|
|
normally have some solution for adding drivers, so that
|
|
peripherals that aren't recognized can eventually be supported.
|
|
That approach is unreasonable for consumer products that may
|
|
never have their firmware upgraded, and where it's usually
|
|
unrealistic to expect traditional PC/workstation/server kinds
|
|
of support model to work.
|
|
For example, it's often impractical to change device firmware
|
|
once the product has been distributed, so driver bugs can't
|
|
normally be fixed if they're found after shipment.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Additional changes are needed below those hardware-neutral
|
|
<emphasis>usb_bus</emphasis> and <emphasis>usb_gadget</emphasis>
|
|
driver interfaces; those aren't discussed here in any detail.
|
|
Those affect the hardware-specific code for each USB Host or Peripheral
|
|
controller, and how the HCD initializes (since OTG can be active only
|
|
on a single port).
|
|
They also involve what may be called an <emphasis>OTG Controller
|
|
Driver</emphasis>, managing the OTG transceiver and the OTG state
|
|
machine logic as well as much of the root hub behavior for the
|
|
OTG port.
|
|
The OTG controller driver needs to activate and deactivate USB
|
|
controllers depending on the relevant device role.
|
|
Some related changes were needed inside usbcore, so that it
|
|
can identify OTG-capable devices and respond appropriately
|
|
to HNP or SRP protocols.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
</book>
|
|
<!--
|
|
vim:syntax=sgml:sw=4
|
|
-->
|