linux/Documentation/admin-guide
Linus Torvalds bd6aabc7ca xen: branch for v5.10-rc1c
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
 
 iHUEABYIAB0WIQRTLbB6QfY48x44uB6AXGG7T9hjvgUCX5VVeQAKCRCAXGG7T9hj
 voI0AQD3ol/EN9uHW1qKduBI/nl5tgv325Zri8CMu60kS45pgAD/ccUXRcHojs3l
 YIfgcgT4qKQFWzv57Fc9FUBQJMahJgM=
 =6ZgH
 -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

Merge tag 'for-linus-5.10b-rc1c-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xen/tip

Pull more xen updates from Juergen Gross:

 - a series for the Xen pv block drivers adding module parameters for
   better control of resource usge

 - a cleanup series for the Xen event driver

* tag 'for-linus-5.10b-rc1c-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xen/tip:
  Documentation: add xen.fifo_events kernel parameter description
  xen/events: unmask a fifo event channel only if it was masked
  xen/events: only register debug interrupt for 2-level events
  xen/events: make struct irq_info private to events_base.c
  xen: remove no longer used functions
  xen-blkfront: Apply changed parameter name to the document
  xen-blkfront: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants
  xen-blkback: add a parameter for disabling of persistent grants
2020-10-25 10:55:35 -07:00
..
acpi Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
aoe docs: aoe: add it to the driver-api book 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
auxdisplay docs: admin-guide: add auxdisplay files to it after conversion to ReST 2019-07-31 13:30:06 -06:00
blockdev Documentation/admin-guide: blockdev/ramdisk: remove use of "rdev" 2020-09-24 10:50:31 -06:00
cgroup-v1 mm/doc: editorial pass on page migration 2020-09-09 11:39:46 -06:00
cifs docs: CIFS: remove a spam-site URL 2020-07-05 14:25:46 -06:00
device-mapper dm crypt: document encrypted keyring key option 2020-09-22 13:25:58 -04:00
gpio docs: gpio: add a new document to its index.rst 2020-10-08 22:56:44 +02:00
hw-vuln x86/bugs/multihit: Fix mitigation reporting when VMX is not in use 2020-08-07 01:32:00 +02:00
kdump printk changes for 5.10 2020-10-13 15:58:10 -07:00
laptops Documentation: laptops: thinkpad-acpi: fix underline length build warning 2020-08-24 17:19:07 -06:00
LSM LSM: SafeSetID: Add GID security policy handling 2020-10-13 09:17:35 -07:00
media media: add Zoran cardlist 2020-10-03 10:34:54 +02:00
mm ACPI updates for 5.10-rc1 2020-10-14 11:42:04 -07:00
namespaces docs: add SPDX tags to new index files 2019-07-15 11:03:03 -03:00
nfs nfsd: remove fault injection code 2020-09-25 18:01:26 -04:00
perf perf: Add Arm CMN-600 PMU driver 2020-09-28 18:50:20 +01:00
pm docs: remove some replace macros like |struct foo| 2020-10-15 07:49:40 +02:00
sysctl A handful of late-arriving documentation fixes. 2020-10-23 17:13:53 -07:00
wimax docs: wimax: convert to ReST and add to admin-guide 2019-07-31 13:31:38 -06:00
bcache.rst bcache: doc: update Documentation/admin-guide/bcache.rst 2020-09-09 11:31:19 -06:00
binderfs.rst Documentation: android: binderfs: add 'stats' mount option 2020-04-10 10:14:53 -06:00
binfmt-misc.rst Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial 2020-04-01 14:52:59 -07:00
bootconfig.rst Documentation: bootconfig: Add bootconfig override operator 2020-08-03 16:22:29 -04:00
braille-console.rst
btmrvl.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
bug-bisect.rst
bug-hunting.rst Documentation: admin-guide: update bug-hunting.rst 2020-05-25 18:59:58 -06:00
cgroup-v2.rst mm: memcontrol: add the missing numa_stat interface for cgroup v2 2020-10-13 18:38:30 -07:00
clearing-warn-once.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
cpu-load.rst docs/cpu-load: format the example code. 2020-10-21 15:07:30 -06:00
cputopology.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
dell_rbu.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: Documentation/admin-guide 2020-07-05 14:13:00 -06:00
devices.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
devices.txt devices.txt: fix typo of "ubd" as "udb" 2020-08-24 17:19:07 -06:00
dynamic-debug-howto.rst Revert "dyndbg: accept query terms like file=bar and module=foo" 2020-09-10 18:45:03 +02:00
edid.rst docs: admin-guide: edid: Clarify where to run "make" 2020-02-19 04:10:32 -07:00
efi-stub.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
ext4.rst Improvements to ext4's block allocator performance for very large file 2020-08-21 11:03:38 -07:00
highuid.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
hw_random.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
index.rst docs: admin-guide/index.rst: Add pstore-blk.rst 2020-07-23 14:19:51 -06:00
init.rst docs: admin-guide: Clarify sentences 2020-04-20 17:03:42 -06:00
initrd.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
iostats.rst block/diskstats: more accurate approximation of io_ticks for slow disks 2020-03-25 08:49:08 -06:00
java.rst
jfs.rst Documentation: filesystems: Convert jfs.txt to 2019-07-31 13:09:14 -06:00
kernel-parameters.rst of: property: Add functional dependency link from DT bindings 2019-10-04 17:29:50 +02:00
kernel-parameters.txt xen: branch for v5.10-rc1c 2020-10-25 10:55:35 -07:00
kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.rst docs: add IRQ documentation at the core-api book 2020-05-15 12:00:56 -06:00
lcd-panel-cgram.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
ldm.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
lockup-watchdogs.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
md.rst md: register new md sysfs file 'uuid' read-only 2020-08-02 23:03:51 -07:00
module-signing.rst doc: module-signing.rst: Fix reST formatting 2018-02-23 08:04:26 -07:00
mono.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
numastat.rst Documentation: update numastat explanation 2020-05-15 11:36:54 -06:00
parport.rst
perf-security.rst doc/admin-guide: Update perf-security.rst with CAP_PERFMON information 2020-04-16 12:19:10 -03:00
pnp.rst PNP: remove the now unused pnp_find_card() function 2020-10-08 18:00:08 +02:00
pstore-blk.rst docs: pstore-blk.rst: fix kernel-doc tags 2020-10-15 07:49:42 +02:00
ramoops.rst pstore/ram: Introduce max_reason and convert dump_oops 2020-05-30 10:34:03 -07:00
rapidio.rst docs: rapidio: add it to the driver API 2019-07-15 09:20:27 -03:00
ras.rst doc: Fix some errors in ras.rst 2020-05-15 11:38:00 -06:00
README.rst Documentation/admin-guide: README & svga: remove use of "rdev" 2020-09-24 10:50:31 -06:00
reporting-bugs.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
rtc.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
security-bugs.rst Documentation/security-bugs: Explain why plain text is preferred 2020-07-13 09:37:00 -06:00
serial-console.rst docs: networking: convert netconsole.txt to ReST 2020-04-30 12:56:36 -07:00
spkguide.txt staging/speakup: Move out of staging 2020-07-29 14:02:41 +02:00
svga.rst Documentation/admin-guide: README & svga: remove use of "rdev" 2020-09-24 10:50:31 -06:00
sysfs-rules.rst
sysrq.rst tty/sysrq: Extend the sysrq_key_table to cover capital letters 2020-10-02 14:56:06 +02:00
tainted-kernels.rst Documentation/admin-guide: tainted-kernels: Fix typo occured 2020-10-12 13:14:07 -06:00
thunderbolt.rst thunderbolt: Add support for on-board retimers 2020-06-22 19:58:32 +03:00
ufs.rst Documentation: filesystems: Convert ufs.txt to reStructuredText format 2019-07-31 13:09:55 -06:00
unicode.rst Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones: documentation 2020-06-08 09:30:19 -06:00
vga-softcursor.rst
video-output.rst docs: admin-guide: add a series of orphaned documents 2019-07-15 11:03:02 -03:00
xfs.rst xfs: remove deprecated sysctl options 2020-09-25 11:34:08 -07:00

.. _readme:

Linux kernel release 5.x <http://kernel.org/>
=============================================

These are the release notes for Linux version 5.  Read them carefully,
as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.

What is Linux?
--------------

  Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
  Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
  the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.

  It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix,
  including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand
  loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
  and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.

  It is distributed under the GNU General Public License v2 - see the
  accompanying COPYING file for more details.

On what hardware does it run?
-----------------------------

  Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
  today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
  UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell,
  IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 Xtensa, and
  ARC architectures.

  Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures
  as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the
  GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has
  also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although
  functionality is then obviously somewhat limited.
  Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a
  userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).

Documentation
-------------

 - There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on
   the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to
   general UNIX questions.  I'd recommend looking into the documentation
   subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation
   Project) books.  This README is not meant to be documentation on the
   system: there are much better sources available.

 - There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory:
   these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some
   drivers for example. Please read the
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` file, as it
   contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading
   your kernel.

Installing the kernel source
----------------------------

 - If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a
   directory where you have permissions (e.g. your home directory) and
   unpack it::

     xz -cd linux-5.x.tar.xz | tar xvf -

   Replace "X" with the version number of the latest kernel.

   Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually
   incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header
   files.  They should match the library, and not get messed up by
   whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.

 - You can also upgrade between 5.x releases by patching.  Patches are
   distributed in the xz format.  To install by patching, get all the
   newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source
   (linux-5.x) and execute::

     xz -cd ../patch-5.x.xz | patch -p1

   Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "x" of your current
   source tree, **in_order**, and you should be ok.  You may want to remove
   the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure
   that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej).
   If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.

   Unlike patches for the 5.x kernels, patches for the 5.x.y kernels
   (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply
   directly to the base 5.x kernel.  For example, if your base kernel is 5.0
   and you want to apply the 5.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 5.0.1
   and 5.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 5.0.2 and
   want to jump to 5.0.3, you must first reverse the 5.0.2 patch (that is,
   patch -R) **before** applying the 5.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
   :ref:`Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst <applying_patches>`.

   Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
   process.  It determines the current kernel version and applies any
   patches found::

     linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux

   The first argument in the command above is the location of the
   kernel source.  Patches are applied from the current directory, but
   an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.

 - Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around::

     cd linux
     make mrproper

   You should now have the sources correctly installed.

Software requirements
---------------------

   Compiling and running the 5.x kernels requires up-to-date
   versions of various software packages.  Consult
   :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>` for the minimum version numbers
   required and how to get updates for these packages.  Beware that using
   excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
   errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
   you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during
   build or operation.

Build directory for the kernel
------------------------------

   When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be
   stored together with the kernel source code.
   Using the option ``make O=output/dir`` allows you to specify an alternate
   place for the output files (including .config).
   Example::

     kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-5.x
     build directory:    /home/name/build/kernel

   To configure and build the kernel, use::

     cd /usr/src/linux-5.x
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
     make O=/home/name/build/kernel
     sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install

   Please note: If the ``O=output/dir`` option is used, then it must be
   used for all invocations of make.

Configuring the kernel
----------------------

   Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor
   version.  New configuration options are added in each release, and
   odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up
   as expected.  If you want to carry your existing configuration to a
   new version with minimal work, use ``make oldconfig``, which will
   only ask you for the answers to new questions.

 - Alternative configuration commands are::

     "make config"      Plain text interface.

     "make menuconfig"  Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs.

     "make nconfig"     Enhanced text based color menus.

     "make xconfig"     Qt based configuration tool.

     "make gconfig"     GTK+ based configuration tool.

     "make oldconfig"   Default all questions based on the contents of
                        your existing ./.config file and asking about
                        new config symbols.

     "make olddefconfig"
                        Like above, but sets new symbols to their default
                        values without prompting.

     "make defconfig"   Create a ./.config file by using the default
                        symbol values from either arch/$ARCH/defconfig
                        or arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig,
                        depending on the architecture.

     "make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by using the default
                        symbol values from
                        arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig.
                        Use "make help" to get a list of all available
                        platforms of your architecture.

     "make allyesconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'y' as much as possible.

     "make allmodconfig"
                        Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'm' as much as possible.

     "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to 'n' as much as possible.

     "make randconfig"  Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
                        values to random values.

     "make localmodconfig" Create a config based on current config and
                           loaded modules (lsmod). Disables any module
                           option that is not needed for the loaded modules.

                           To create a localmodconfig for another machine,
                           store the lsmod of that machine into a file
                           and pass it in as a LSMOD parameter.

                           Also, you can preserve modules in certain folders
                           or kconfig files by specifying their paths in
                           parameter LMC_KEEP.

                   target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod
                   target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp

                   host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod \
                           LMC_KEEP="drivers/usb:drivers/gpu:fs" \
                           localmodconfig

                           The above also works when cross compiling.

     "make localyesconfig" Similar to localmodconfig, except it will convert
                           all module options to built in (=y) options. You can
                           also preserve modules by LMC_KEEP.

     "make kvmconfig"   Enable additional options for kvm guest kernel support.

     "make xenconfig"   Enable additional options for xen dom0 guest kernel
                        support.

     "make tinyconfig"  Configure the tiniest possible kernel.

   You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools
   in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst.

 - NOTES on ``make config``:

    - Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
      under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
      nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers.

    - A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the
      coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just
      never get used in that case.  The kernel will be slightly larger,
      but will work on different machines regardless of whether they
      have a math coprocessor or not.

    - The "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a
      bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel
      less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to
      break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()).  Thus you
      should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development",
      "experimental", or "debugging" features.

Compiling the kernel
--------------------

 - Make sure you have at least gcc 4.9 available.
   For more information, refer to :ref:`Documentation/process/changes.rst <changes>`.

   Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.

 - Do a ``make`` to create a compressed kernel image. It is also
   possible to do ``make install`` if you have lilo installed to suit the
   kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.

   To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal
   build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.

 - If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as ``modules``, you
   will also have to do ``make modules_install``.

 - Verbose kernel compile/build output:

   Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not
   totally silent).  However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need
   to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed.
   For this, use "verbose" build mode.  This is done by passing
   ``V=1`` to the ``make`` command, e.g.::

     make V=1 all

   To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each
   target, use ``V=2``.  The default is ``V=0``.

 - Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong.  This is
   especially true for the development releases, since each new release
   contains new code which has not been debugged.  Make sure you keep a
   backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well.  If you
   are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
   working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
   do a ``make modules_install``.

   Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
   "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
   LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.

 - In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel
   image (e.g. .../linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage after compilation)
   to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.

 - Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a
   bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported.

   If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO, which
   uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf.  The
   kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or
   /boot/bzImage.  To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image
   and copy the new image over the old one.  Then, you MUST RERUN LILO
   to update the loading map! If you don't, you won't be able to boot
   the new kernel image.

   Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo.
   You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your
   old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not
   work.  See the LILO docs for more information.

   After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set.  Shutdown the system,
   reboot, and enjoy!

   If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode,
   etc. in the kernel image, use your bootloader's boot options
   where appropriate.  No need to recompile the kernel to change
   these parameters.

 - Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.

If something goes wrong
-----------------------

 - If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check
   the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated
   with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there
   isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail
   them to me (torvalds@linux-foundation.org), and possibly to any other
   relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup.

 - In all bug-reports, *please* tell what kernel you are talking about,
   how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common
   sense).  If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is
   old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.

 - If the bug results in a message like::

     unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010
     Oops: 0002
     EIP:   0010:XXXXXXXX
     eax: xxxxxxxx   ebx: xxxxxxxx   ecx: xxxxxxxx   edx: xxxxxxxx
     esi: xxxxxxxx   edi: xxxxxxxx   ebp: xxxxxxxx
     ds: xxxx  es: xxxx  fs: xxxx  gs: xxxx
     Pid: xx, process nr: xx
     xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx

   or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your
   system log, please duplicate it *exactly*.  The dump may look
   incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may
   help debugging the problem.  The text above the dump is also
   important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in
   the above example, it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information
   on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/admin-guide/bug-hunting.rst

 - If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump
   as is, otherwise you will have to use the ``ksymoops`` program to make
   sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred).
   This utility can be downloaded from
   https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ .
   Alternatively, you can do the dump lookup by hand:

 - In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can
   look up what the EIP value means.  The hex value as such doesn't help
   me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular
   kernel setup.  What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP
   line (ignore the ``0010:``), and look it up in the kernel namelist to
   see which kernel function contains the offending address.

   To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system
   binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom.  This is
   the file 'linux/vmlinux'.  To extract the namelist and match it against
   the EIP from the kernel crash, do::

     nm vmlinux | sort | less

   This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending
   order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the
   offending address.  Note that the address given by the kernel
   debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the
   function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't
   just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting
   point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that
   has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but
   is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one
   you want.  In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of
   "context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the
   interesting one.

   If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled
   kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as
   possible will help.  Please read the :ref:`admin-guide/reporting-bugs.rst <reportingbugs>`
   document for details.

 - Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you
   cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the
   kernel with -g; edit arch/x86/Makefile appropriately, then do a ``make
   clean``. You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via ``make config``).

   After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do ``gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore``.
   You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the
   point where your system crashed is ``l *0xXXXXXXXX``. (Replace the XXXes
   with the EIP value.)

   gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because ``gdb`` (wrongly)
   disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.