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Kuan-Wei Chiu 0ddb5f0854 bcachefs: Optimize eytzinger0_sort() with bottom-up heapsort
This optimization reduces the average number of comparisons required
from 2*n*log2(n) - 3*n + o(n) to n*log2(n) + 0.37*n + o(n). When n is
sufficiently large, it results in approximately 50% fewer comparisons.

Currently, eytzinger0_sort employs the textbook version of heapsort,
where during the heapify process, each level requires two comparisons
to determine the maximum among three elements. In contrast, the
bottom-up heapsort, during heapify, only compares two children at each
level until reaching a leaf node. Then, it backtracks from the leaf
node to find the correct position. Since heapify typically continues
until very close to the leaf node, the standard heapify requires about
2*log2(n) comparisons, while the bottom-up variant only needs log2(n)
comparisons.

The experimental data presented below is based on an array generated
by get_random_u32().

|   N   | comparisons(old) | comparisons(new) | time(old) | time(new) |
|-------|------------------|------------------|-----------|-----------|
| 10000 |     235381       |     136615       |  25545 us |  20366 us |
| 20000 |     510694       |     293425       |  31336 us |  18312 us |
| 30000 |     800384       |     457412       |  35042 us |  27386 us |
| 40000 |    1101617       |     626831       |  48779 us |  38253 us |
| 50000 |    1409762       |     799637       |  62238 us |  46950 us |
| 60000 |    1721191       |     974521       |  75588 us |  58367 us |
| 70000 |    2038536       |    1152171       |  90823 us |  68778 us |
| 80000 |    2362958       |    1333472       | 104165 us |  78625 us |
| 90000 |    2690900       |    1516065       | 116111 us |  89573 us |
| 100000|    3019413       |    1699879       | 133638 us | 100998 us |

Refs:
  BOTTOM-UP-HEAPSORT, a new variant of HEAPSORT beating, on an average,
  QUICKSORT (if n is not very small)
  Ingo Wegener
  Theoretical Computer Science, 118(1); Pages 81-98, 13 September 1993
  https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(93)90364-Y

Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <visitorckw@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>
2024-05-08 17:29:18 -04:00
arch Misc fixes: 2024-04-28 11:58:16 -07:00
block vfs-6.9-rc6.fixes 2024-04-26 11:01:28 -07:00
certs This update includes the following changes: 2023-11-02 16:15:30 -10:00
crypto This push fixes a regression that broke iwd as well as a divide by 2024-03-25 10:48:23 -07:00
Documentation Misc fixes: 2024-04-28 12:11:26 -07:00
drivers Fix a double free bug in the init error path of the 2024-04-28 11:51:13 -07:00
fs bcachefs: Optimize eytzinger0_sort() with bottom-up heapsort 2024-05-08 17:29:18 -04:00
include Misc fixes: 2024-04-28 11:58:16 -07:00
init Rust fixes for v6.9 2024-04-27 12:11:55 -07:00
io_uring io_uring/net: restore msg_control on sendzc retry 2024-04-08 21:48:41 -06:00
ipc sysctl changes for v6.9-rc1 2024-03-18 14:59:13 -07:00
kernel Misc fixes: 2024-04-28 12:11:26 -07:00
lib 11 hotfixes. 8 are cc:stable and the remaining 3 (nice ratio!) address 2024-04-26 13:48:03 -07:00
LICENSES LICENSES: Add the copyleft-next-0.3.1 license 2022-11-08 15:44:01 +01:00
mm mm/hugetlb: fix DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(1) when dissolve_free_hugetlb_folio() 2024-04-25 10:07:27 -07:00
net Including fixes from netfilter, wireless and bluetooth. 2024-04-25 11:19:38 -07:00
rust rust: remove params from module macro example 2024-04-25 17:34:33 +02:00
samples Tracing updates for 6.9: 2024-03-18 15:11:44 -07:00
scripts Rust fixes for v6.9 2024-04-27 12:11:55 -07:00
security security: Place security_path_post_mknod() where the original IMA call was 2024-04-03 10:21:32 -07:00
sound ALSA: seq: ump: Fix conversion from MIDI2 to MIDI1 UMP messages 2024-04-19 12:07:14 +02:00
tools RISC-V Fixes for 6.9-rc6 2024-04-27 12:02:55 -07:00
usr Kbuild updates for v6.8 2024-01-18 17:57:07 -08:00
virt KVM: Drop unused @may_block param from gfn_to_pfn_cache_invalidate_start() 2024-04-11 12:58:53 -07:00
.clang-format clang-format: Update with v6.7-rc4's for_each macro list 2023-12-08 23:54:38 +01:00
.cocciconfig
.editorconfig Add .editorconfig file for basic formatting 2023-12-28 16:22:47 +09:00
.get_maintainer.ignore Add Jeff Kirsher to .get_maintainer.ignore 2024-03-08 11:36:54 +00:00
.gitattributes .gitattributes: set diff driver for Rust source code files 2023-05-31 17:48:25 +02:00
.gitignore kbuild: create a list of all built DTB files 2024-02-19 18:20:39 +09:00
.mailmap Including fixes from netfilter, wireless and bluetooth. 2024-04-25 11:19:38 -07:00
.rustfmt.toml rust: add .rustfmt.toml 2022-09-28 09:02:20 +02:00
COPYING
CREDITS MAINTAINERS: Drop Gustavo Pimentel as PCI DWC Maintainer 2024-03-27 13:41:02 -05:00
Kbuild Kbuild updates for v6.1 2022-10-10 12:00:45 -07:00
Kconfig kbuild: ensure full rebuild when the compiler is updated 2020-05-12 13:28:33 +09:00
MAINTAINERS Fix a race condition in the at24 eeprom handler, a NULL pointer 2024-04-27 11:24:53 -07:00
Makefile Linux 6.9-rc6 2024-04-28 13:47:24 -07:00
README README: Fix spelling 2024-03-18 03:36:32 -06:00

Linux kernel
============

There are several guides for kernel developers and users. These guides can
be rendered in a number of formats, like HTML and PDF. Please read
Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst first.

In order to build the documentation, use ``make htmldocs`` or
``make pdfdocs``.  The formatted documentation can also be read online at:

    https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/

There are various text files in the Documentation/ subdirectory,
several of them using the reStructuredText markup notation.

Please read the Documentation/process/changes.rst file, as it contains the
requirements for building and running the kernel, and information about
the problems which may result by upgrading your kernel.