For the same reasons we already cache the leftmost pointer, apply the same
optimization for rb_last() calls. Users must explicitly do this as
rb_root_cached only deals with the smallest node.
[dave@stgolabs.net: brain fart #1]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170731155955.GD21328@linux-80c1.suse
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-18-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Such that we can optimize __mem_cgroup_largest_soft_limit_node(). The
only overhead is the extra footprint for the cached pointer, but this
should not be an issue for mem_cgroup_tree_per_node.
[dave@stgolabs.net: brain fart #2]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170731160114.GE21328@linux-80c1.suse
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-17-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... such that we can avoid the tree walks to get the node with the
smallest key. Semantically the same, as the previously used rb_first(),
but O(1). The main overhead is the extra footprint for the cached rb_node
pointer, which should not matter for epoll.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-15-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... such that we can avoid the tree walks to get the node with the
smallest key. Semantically the same, as the previously used rb_first(),
but O(1). The main overhead is the extra footprint for the cached rb_node
pointer, which should not matter for procfs.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-14-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Allow interval trees to quickly check for overlaps to avoid unnecesary
tree lookups in interval_tree_iter_first().
As of this patch, all interval tree flavors will require using a
'rb_root_cached' such that we can have the leftmost node easily
available. While most users will make use of this feature, those with
special functions (in addition to the generic insert, delete, search
calls) will avoid using the cached option as they can do funky things
with insertions -- for example, vma_interval_tree_insert_after().
[jglisse@redhat.com: fix deadlock from typo vm_lock_anon_vma()]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170808225719.20723-1-jglisse@redhat.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-12-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Doug Ledford <dledford@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: David Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Cc: Christian Benvenuti <benve@cisco.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... with the generic rbtree flavor instead. No changes
in semantics whatsoever.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-11-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We can work with a single rb_root_cached root to test both cached and
non-cached rbtrees. In addition, also add a test to measure latencies
between rb_first and its fast counterpart.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-7-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds a second test for regular rb-tree testing in that there is no
need to repeat it for the augmented flavor.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-6-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While overall the code is very nicely commented, it might not be
immediately obvious from the diagrams what is going on. Add a very
brief summary of each case. Opposite cases where the node is the left
child are left untouched.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-4-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The only times the nil-parent (root node) condition is true is when the
node is the first in the tree, or after fixing rbtree rule #4 and the
case 1 rebalancing made the node the root. Such conditions do not apply
most of the time:
(i) The common case in an rbtree is to have more than a single node,
so this is only true for the first rb_insert().
(ii) While there is a chance only one first rotation is needed, cases
where the node's uncle is black (cases 2,3) are more common as we can
have the following scenarios during the rotation looping:
case1 only, case1+1, case2+3, case1+2+3, case3 only, etc.
This patch, therefore, adds an unlikely() optimization to this
conditional. When profiling with CONFIG_PROFILE_ANNOTATED_BRANCHES, a
kernel build shows that the incorrect rate is less than 15%, and for
workloads that involve insert mostly trees overtime tend to have less
than 2% incorrect rate.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-3-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "rbtree: Cache leftmost node internally", v4.
A series to extending rbtrees to internally cache the leftmost node such
that we can have fast overlap check optimization for all interval tree
users[1]. The benefits of this series are that:
(i) Unify users that do internal leftmost node caching.
(ii) Optimize all interval tree users.
(iii) Convert at least two new users (epoll and procfs) to the new interface.
This patch (of 16):
Red-black tree semantics imply that nodes with smaller or greater (or
equal for duplicates) keys always be to the left and right,
respectively. For the kernel this is extremely evident when considering
our rb_first() semantics. Enabling lookups for the smallest node in the
tree in O(1) can save a good chunk of cycles in not having to walk down
the tree each time. To this end there are a few core users that
explicitly do this, such as the scheduler and rtmutexes. There is also
the desire for interval trees to have this optimization allowing faster
overlap checking.
This patch introduces a new 'struct rb_root_cached' which is just the
root with a cached pointer to the leftmost node. The reason why the
regular rb_root was not extended instead of adding a new structure was
that this allows the user to have the choice between memory footprint
and actual tree performance. The new wrappers on top of the regular
rb_root calls are:
- rb_first_cached(cached_root) -- which is a fast replacement
for rb_first.
- rb_insert_color_cached(node, cached_root, new)
- rb_erase_cached(node, cached_root)
In addition, augmented cached interfaces are also added for basic
insertion and deletion operations; which becomes important for the
interval tree changes.
With the exception of the inserts, which adds a bool for updating the
new leftmost, the interfaces are kept the same. To this end, porting rb
users to the cached version becomes really trivial, and keeping current
rbtree semantics for users that don't care about the optimization
requires zero overhead.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170719014603.19029-2-dave@stgolabs.net
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dbueso@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
GENMASK(_ULL) performs a left-shift of ~0UL(L), which technically
results in an integer overflow. clang raises a warning if the overflow
occurs in a preprocessor expression. Clear the low-order bits through a
substraction instead of the left-shift to avoid the overflow.
(akpm: no change in .text size in my testing)
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170803212020.24939-1-mka@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Matthias Kaehlcke <mka@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have seen some generic code use config parameter CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN
to decide the endianness.
Here are the few examples.
include/asm-generic/qrwlock.h
drivers/of/base.c
drivers/of/fdt.c
drivers/tty/serial/earlycon.c
drivers/tty/serial/serial_core.c
Display warning if CPU_BIG_ENDIAN is not defined on big endian
architecture and also warn if it defined on little endian architectures.
Here is our original discussion
https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/5/24/620
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1499358861-179979-4-git-send-email-babu.moger@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Babu Moger <babu.moger@oracle.com>
Suggested-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> (powerpc)
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com>
Cc: Stefan Kristiansson <stefan.kristiansson@saunalahti.fi>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
microblaze architectures can be configured for either little or big endian
formats. Add a choice option for the user to select the correct endian
format(default to big endian).
Also update the Makefile so toolchain can compile for the format it is
configured for.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1499358861-179979-3-git-send-email-babu.moger@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Babu Moger <babu.moger@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> (powerpc)
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com>
Cc: Stefan Kristiansson <stefan.kristiansson@saunalahti.fi>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "Define CPU_BIG_ENDIAN or warn for inconsistencies", v3.
While working on enabling queued rwlock on SPARC, found this following
code in include/asm-generic/qrwlock.h which uses CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN to
clear a byte.
static inline u8 *__qrwlock_write_byte(struct qrwlock *lock)
{
return (u8 *)lock + 3 * IS_BUILTIN(CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN);
}
Problem is many of the fixed big endian architectures don't define
CPU_BIG_ENDIAN and clears the wrong byte.
Define CPU_BIG_ENDIAN for all the fixed big endian architecture to fix it.
Also found few more references of this config parameter in
drivers/of/base.c
drivers/of/fdt.c
drivers/tty/serial/earlycon.c
drivers/tty/serial/serial_core.c
Be aware that this may cause regressions if someone has worked-around
problems in the above code already. Remove the work-around.
Here is our original discussion
https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/5/24/620
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1499358861-179979-2-git-send-email-babu.moger@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Babu Moger <babu.moger@oracle.com>
Suggested-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Stefan Kristiansson <stefan.kristiansson@saunalahti.fi>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> (powerpc)
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
First, number of CPUs can't be negative number.
Second, different signnnedness leads to suboptimal code in the following
cases:
1)
kmalloc(nr_cpu_ids * sizeof(X));
"int" has to be sign extended to size_t.
2)
while (loff_t *pos < nr_cpu_ids)
MOVSXD is 1 byte longed than the same MOV.
Other cases exist as well. Basically compiler is told that nr_cpu_ids
can't be negative which can't be deduced if it is "int".
Code savings on allyesconfig kernel: -3KB
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 25/264 up/down: 261/-3631 (-3370)
function old new delta
coretemp_cpu_online 450 512 +62
rcu_init_one 1234 1272 +38
pci_device_probe 374 399 +25
...
pgdat_reclaimable_pages 628 556 -72
select_fallback_rq 446 369 -77
task_numa_find_cpu 1923 1807 -116
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170819114959.GA30580@avx2
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Where possible, call memset16(), memmove() or memcpy() instead of using
open-coded loops. I don't like the calling convention that uses a byte
count instead of a count of u16s, but it's a little late to change that.
Reduces code size of fbcon.o by almost 400 bytes on my laptop build.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-9-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memset32() can be used to initialise these three arrays. Minor code
footprint reduction.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-8-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
zram was the motivation for creating memset_l(). Minchan Kim sees a 7%
performance improvement on x86 with 100MB of non-zero deduplicatable
data:
perf stat -r 10 dd if=/dev/zram0 of=/dev/null
vanilla: 0.232050465 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.51% )
memset_l: 0.217219387 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.07% )
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-7-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Tested-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Alpha already had an optimised fill-memory-with-16-bit-quantity
assembler routine called memsetw(). It has a slightly different calling
convention from memset16() in that it takes a byte count, not a count of
words. That's the same convention used by ARM's __memset routines, so
rename Alpha's routine to match and add a memset16() wrapper around it.
Then convert Alpha's scr_memsetw() to call memset16() instead of
memsetw().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-6-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reuse the existing optimised memset implementation to implement an
optimised memset32 and memset64.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-5-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
These are single instructions on x86. There's no 64-bit instruction for
x86-32, but we don't yet have any user for memset64() on 32-bit
architectures, so don't bother to implement it.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-4-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: minor tweaks]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-3-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "Multibyte memset variations", v4.
A relatively common idiom we're missing is a function to fill an area of
memory with a pattern which is larger than a single byte. I first
noticed this with a zram patch which wanted to fill a page with an
'unsigned long' value. There turn out to be quite a few places in the
kernel which can benefit from using an optimised function rather than a
loop; sometimes text size, sometimes speed, and sometimes both. The
optimised PowerPC version (not included here) improves performance by
about 30% on POWER8 on just the raw memset_l().
Most of the extra lines of code come from the three testcases I added.
This patch (of 8):
memset16(), memset32() and memset64() are like memset(), but allow the
caller to fill the destination with a value larger than a single byte.
memset_l() and memset_p() allow the caller to use unsigned long and
pointer values respectively.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170720184539.31609-2-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <mawilcox@microsoft.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This macro is useful to avoid link error on 32-bit systems.
We have the same definition in two drivers, so move it to
include/linux/kernel.h
While we are here, refactor DIV_ROUND_UP_ULL() by using
DIV_ROUND_DOWN_ULL().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1500945156-12907-1-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.com
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Acked-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
Cc: Cyrille Pitchen <cyrille.pitchen@wedev4u.fr>
Cc: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.com>
Cc: Liam Girdwood <lgirdwood@gmail.com>
Cc: Boris Brezillon <boris.brezillon@free-electrons.com>
Cc: Marek Vasut <marek.vasut@gmail.com>
Cc: Brian Norris <computersforpeace@gmail.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If there are large numbers of hugepages to iterate while reading
/proc/pid/smaps, the page walk never does cond_resched(). On archs
without split pmd locks, there can be significant and observable
contention on mm->page_table_lock which cause lengthy delays without
rescheduling.
Always reschedule in smaps_pte_range() if necessary since the pagewalk
iteration can be expensive.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.DEB.2.10.1708211405520.131071@chino.kir.corp.google.com
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit b18cb64ead ("fs/proc: Stop trying to report thread stacks")
removed the priv parameter user in is_stack so the argument is
redundant. Drop it.
[arnd@arndb.de: remove unused variable]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170801120150.1520051-1-arnd@arndb.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170728075833.7241-1-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
VMA and its address bounds checks are too late in this function. They
must have been verified earlier in the page fault sequence. Hence just
remove them.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170901130137.7617-1-khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Free frontswap_map if an error is encountered before enable_swap_info().
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If initializing a small swap file fails because the swap file has a
problem (holes, etc.) then we need to free the cluster info as part of
cleanup. Unfortunately a previous patch changed the code to use kvzalloc
but did not change all the vfree calls to use kvfree.
Found by running generic/357 from xfstests.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170831233515.GR3775@magnolia
Fixes: 54f180d3c1 ("mm, swap: use kvzalloc to allocate some swap data structures")
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We are by error initializing alloc_flags before gfp_allowed_mask is
applied. This could cause problems after pm_restrict_gfp_mask() is called
during suspend operation. Apply gfp_allowed_mask before initializing
alloc_flags so that the first allocation attempt uses correct flags.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/201709020016.ADJ21342.OFLJHOOSMFVtFQ@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp
Fixes: 83d4ca8148 ("mm, page_alloc: move __GFP_HARDWALL modifications out of the fastpath")
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
online_mem_sections() accidentally marks online only the first section
in the given range. This is a typo which hasn't been noticed because I
haven't tested large 2GB blocks previously. All users of
pfn_to_online_page would get confused on the the rest of the pfn range
in the block.
All we need to fix this is to use iterator (pfn) rather than start_pfn.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170904112210.3401-1-mhocko@kernel.org
Fixes: 2d070eab2e ("mm: consider zone which is not fully populated to have holes")
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Seen while reading the code, in handle_mm_fault(), in the case
arch_vma_access_permitted() is failing the call to
mem_cgroup_oom_disable() is not made.
To fix that, move the call to mem_cgroup_oom_enable() after calling
arch_vma_access_permitted() as it should not have entered the memcg OOM.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1504625439-31313-1-git-send-email-ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Fixes: bae473a423 ("mm: introduce fault_env")
Signed-off-by: Laurent Dufour <ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fadvise() manpage is silent on fadvise()'s effect on memory-based
filesystems (shmem, hugetlbfs & ramfs) and pseudo file systems (procfs,
sysfs, kernfs). The current implementaion of fadvise is mostly a noop
for such filesystems except for FADV_DONTNEED which will trigger
expensive remote LRU cache draining. This patch makes the noop of
fadvise() on such file systems very explicit.
However this change has two side effects for ramfs and one for tmpfs.
First fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) could remove the unmapped clean zero'ed
pages of ramfs (allocated through read, readahead & read fault) and
tmpfs (allocated through read fault). Also fadvise(FADV_WILLNEED) could
create such clean zero'ed pages for ramfs. This change removes those
possibilities.
One of our generic libraries does fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED). Recently we
observed high latency in fadvise() and noticed that the users have
started using tmpfs files and the latency was due to expensive remote
LRU cache draining. For normal tmpfs files (have data written on them),
fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) will always trigger the unneeded remote cache
draining.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170818011023.181465-1-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
zs_stat_inc/dec/get() uses enum zs_stat_type for the stat type, however
some callers pass an enum fullness_group value. Change the type to int to
reflect the actual use of the functions and get rid of 'enum-conversion'
warnings
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170731175000.56538-1-mka@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Matthias Kaehlcke <mka@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Doug Anderson <dianders@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_zone_id() is a specialized function to compare the zone for the pages
that are within the section range. If the section of the pages are
different, page_zone_id() can be different even if their zone is the same.
This wrong usage doesn't cause any actual problem since
__munlock_pagevec_fill() would be called again with failed index.
However, it's better to use more appropriate function here.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503559211-10259-1-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To avoid deviation, the per cpu number of NUMA stats in
vm_numa_stat_diff[] is included when a user *reads* the NUMA stats.
Since NUMA stats does not be read by users frequently, and kernel does not
need it to make a decision, it will not be a problem to make the readers
more expensive.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-4-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is significant overhead in cache bouncing caused by zone counters
(NUMA associated counters) update in parallel in multi-threaded page
allocation (suggested by Dave Hansen).
This patch updates NUMA counter threshold to a fixed size of MAX_U16 - 2,
as a small threshold greatly increases the update frequency of the global
counter from local per cpu counter(suggested by Ying Huang).
The rationality is that these statistics counters don't affect the
kernel's decision, unlike other VM counters, so it's not a problem to use
a large threshold.
With this patchset, we see 31.3% drop of CPU cycles(537-->369) for per
single page allocation and reclaim on Jesper's page_bench03 benchmark.
Benchmark provided by Jesper D Brouer(increase loop times to 10000000):
https://github.com/netoptimizer/prototype-kernel/tree/master/kernel/mm/
bench
Threshold CPU cycles Throughput(88 threads)
32 799 241760478
64 640 301628829
125 537 358906028 <==> system by default (base)
256 468 412397590
512 428 450550704
4096 399 482520943
20000 394 489009617
30000 395 488017817
65533 369(-31.3%) 521661345(+45.3%) <==> with this patchset
N/A 342(-36.3%) 562900157(+56.8%) <==> disable zone_statistics
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-3-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "Separate NUMA statistics from zone statistics", v2.
Each page allocation updates a set of per-zone statistics with a call to
zone_statistics(). As discussed in 2017 MM summit, these are a
substantial source of overhead in the page allocator and are very rarely
consumed. This significant overhead in cache bouncing caused by zone
counters (NUMA associated counters) update in parallel in multi-threaded
page allocation (pointed out by Dave Hansen).
A link to the MM summit slides:
http://people.netfilter.org/hawk/presentations/MM-summit2017/MM-summit2017-JesperBrouer.pdf
To mitigate this overhead, this patchset separates NUMA statistics from
zone statistics framework, and update NUMA counter threshold to a fixed
size of MAX_U16 - 2, as a small threshold greatly increases the update
frequency of the global counter from local per cpu counter (suggested by
Ying Huang). The rationality is that these statistics counters don't
need to be read often, unlike other VM counters, so it's not a problem
to use a large threshold and make readers more expensive.
With this patchset, we see 31.3% drop of CPU cycles(537-->369, see
below) for per single page allocation and reclaim on Jesper's
page_bench03 benchmark. Meanwhile, this patchset keeps the same style
of virtual memory statistics with little end-user-visible effects (only
move the numa stats to show behind zone page stats, see the first patch
for details).
I did an experiment of single page allocation and reclaim concurrently
using Jesper's page_bench03 benchmark on a 2-Socket Broadwell-based
server (88 processors with 126G memory) with different size of threshold
of pcp counter.
Benchmark provided by Jesper D Brouer(increase loop times to 10000000):
https://github.com/netoptimizer/prototype-kernel/tree/master/kernel/mm/bench
Threshold CPU cycles Throughput(88 threads)
32 799 241760478
64 640 301628829
125 537 358906028 <==> system by default
256 468 412397590
512 428 450550704
4096 399 482520943
20000 394 489009617
30000 395 488017817
65533 369(-31.3%) 521661345(+45.3%) <==> with this patchset
N/A 342(-36.3%) 562900157(+56.8%) <==> disable zone_statistics
This patch (of 3):
In this patch, NUMA statistics is separated from zone statistics
framework, all the call sites of NUMA stats are changed to use
numa-stats-specific functions, it does not have any functionality change
except that the number of NUMA stats is shown behind zone page stats
when users *read* the zone info.
E.g. cat /proc/zoneinfo
***Base*** ***With this patch***
nr_free_pages 3976 nr_free_pages 3976
nr_zone_inactive_anon 0 nr_zone_inactive_anon 0
nr_zone_active_anon 0 nr_zone_active_anon 0
nr_zone_inactive_file 0 nr_zone_inactive_file 0
nr_zone_active_file 0 nr_zone_active_file 0
nr_zone_unevictable 0 nr_zone_unevictable 0
nr_zone_write_pending 0 nr_zone_write_pending 0
nr_mlock 0 nr_mlock 0
nr_page_table_pages 0 nr_page_table_pages 0
nr_kernel_stack 0 nr_kernel_stack 0
nr_bounce 0 nr_bounce 0
nr_zspages 0 nr_zspages 0
numa_hit 0 *nr_free_cma 0*
numa_miss 0 numa_hit 0
numa_foreign 0 numa_miss 0
numa_interleave 0 numa_foreign 0
numa_local 0 numa_interleave 0
numa_other 0 numa_local 0
*nr_free_cma 0* numa_other 0
... ...
vm stats threshold: 10 vm stats threshold: 10
... ...
The next patch updates the numa stats counter size and threshold.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1503568801-21305-2-git-send-email-kemi.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@intel.com>
Reported-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@intel.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Flags argument has been copied into vmf.flags and it is not changed in
between. Hence a single write access check can be used for both PUD and
PMD.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170823082839.1812-1-khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <khandual@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is an enhancement to avoid a non cooperative userfaultfd manager
having to unregister all regions before it can close the uffd after all
userfaultfd activity completed.
The UFFDIO_UNREGISTER would serialize against the handle_userfault by
taking the mmap_sem for writing, but we can simply repeat the page fault
if we detect the uffd was closed and so the regular page fault paths
should takeover.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170823181227.19926-1-aarcange@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While reading the code I found that offset_il_node() has a vm_area_struct
pointer parameter which is unused.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1502899755-23146-1-git-send-email-ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Laurent Dufour <ldufour@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
