When a root port receives the same errors more than once before the
kernel process them, the Multiple Error Messages Received flags are set
by hardware. Because the root port could only save one kind of
correctable error source id and another uncorrectable error source id at
the same time, the second message sender id is lost if the 2 messages
are sent from 2 different devices. This patch makes the kernel search
all devices under the root port when multiple messages are received.
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
When the bus id part of error source id is equal to 0 or nosourceid=1,
make the kernel probe the AER status registers of all devices under the
root port to find the initial error reporter.
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Based on PCI Express AER specs, a root port might receive multiple
TLP errors while it could only save a correctable error source id
and an uncorrectable error source id at the same time. In addition,
some root port hardware might be unable to provide a correct source
id, i.e., the source id, or the bus id part of the source id provided
by root port might be equal to 0.
The patchset implements the support in kernel by searching the device
tree under the root port.
Patch 1 changes parameter cb of function pci_walk_bus to return a value.
When cb return non-zero, pci_walk_bus stops more searching on the
device tree.
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This is used by PCIE AER error injection to fake an PCI AER interrupt.
Signed-off-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Adds support for PCI Express transaction layer end-to-end CRC checking
(ECRC). This patch will enable/disable ECRC checking by setting/clearing
the ECRC Check Enable and/or ECRC Generation Enable bits for devices that
support ECRC.
The ECRC setting is controlled by the "pci=ecrc=<policy>" command-line
option. If this option is not set or is set to 'bios", the enable and
generation bits are left in whatever state that firmware/BIOS set them to.
The "off" setting turns them off, and the "on" option turns them on (if the
device supports it).
Turning ECRC on or off can be a data integrity versus performance
tradeoff. In theory, turning it on will catch more data errors, turning
it off means possibly better performance since CRC does not need to be
calculated by the PCIe hardware and packet sizes are reduced.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
VIA has a strange chipset, it has root port under a bridge. Disable ASPM
for such strange chipset.
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Tested-by: Wolfgang Denk <wd@denx.de>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
In the near future, the driver core is going to not allow direct access
to the driver_data pointer in struct device. Instead, the functions
dev_get_drvdata() and dev_set_drvdata() should be used. These functions
have been around since the beginning, so are backwards compatible with
all older kernel versions.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
When an upstream port reports an AER error to root port, kernel
starts error recovery procedures. The default return value of
function pcie_portdrv_slot_reset is PCI_ERS_RESULT_NONE. If all
port service drivers of the downstream port under the upstream
port have no slot_reset method in pci_error_handlers, AER recovery
would stop without resume. Below patch against 2.6.30-rc3 fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCIe port driver calls pci_enable_device when registering
ports, but never calls pci_disable_device during removal.
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Commit 55633af3 (PCIe portdrv: Use driver data to simplify code)
added a kfree of the driver private data in pcie_port_device_remove
but forgot to remove the old kfree from pcie_portdrv_remove.
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Implement pm object for the PCI Express port driver in order to use
the new power management framework and reduce the code size.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
pcie_port_device_remove currently calls the remove method of port
drivers twice. Ouch!
We are calling device_for_each_child multiple times for no apparent
reason.
So make it simple. Place put_device and device_unregister into
remove_iter, and throw out the rest. Only call device_for_each_child
once.
The code is simpler and actually works!
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@aristanetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
- Rename pci_osc_control_set() to acpi_pci_osc_control_set() according
to the other API names in drivers/acpi/pci_root.c.
- Move _OSC related definitions to include/linux/acpi.h because _OSC
related API is implemented in drivers/acpi/pci_root.c now.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Tested-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
If MSI-X interrupt mode is used by the PCI Express port driver, too
many vectors are allocated and it is not ensured that the right
vectors will be used for the right services. Namely, the PCI Express
specification states that both PCI Express native PME and PCI Express
hotplug will always use the same MSI or MSI-X message for signalling
interrupts, which implies that the same vector will be used by both
of them. Also, the VC service does not use interrupts at all.
Moreover, is not clear which of the vectors allocated by
pci_enable_msix() in the current code will be used for PME and
hotplug and which of them will be used for AER if all of these
services are configured.
For these reasons, rework the allocation of interrupts for PCI
Express ports so that if MSI-X are enabled, the right vectors will be
used for the right purposes.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Reviewed-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCI Express port driver uses 'struct pcie_port_service_id' for
matching port service devices and drivers, but this structure
contains fields that duplicate information from the port device
itself (vendor, device, subvendor, subdevice) and fields that are not
used by any existing port service driver (class, class_mask,
drvier_data). Also, both existing port service drivers (AER and
PCIe HP) don't even use the vendor and device fields for device
matching. Therefore 'struct pcie_port_service_id' can be removed
altogether and the only useful members of it (port_type, service) can
be introduced directly into the port service device and port service
driver structures. That simplifies the code quite a bit and reduces
its size.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The second argument of the ->probe() callback in
struct pcie_port_service_driver is unnecessary and never used.
Remove it.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The function pcie_portdrv_save_config() in portdrv_pci.c is not
necessary. Remove it.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCI Express port driver calls pci_enable_device() before setting
up interrupts, which is wrong, because if there is an interrupt pin
configured for the port, pci_enable_device() will likely set up an
interrupt link for it. However, this shouldn't be done if either
MSI or MSI-X interrupt mode is chosen for the port.
The solution is to call pci_enable_device() after setting up
interrupts, because in that case the interrupt link won't be set up
if MSI or MSI-X are enabled.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCI Express port driver should not attempt to register service
devices that require the ability to generate interrupts if generating
interrupts is not possible. Namely, if the port has no interrupt pin
configured and we cannot set up MSI or MSI-X for it, there is no way
it can generate interrupts and in such a case the port services that
rely on interrupts (PME, PCIe HP, AER) should not be enabled for it.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
PCI Express port driver extension, as defined by struct
pcie_port_device_ext in portdrv.h, is allocated and initialized, but
never used (it also is never freed). Extend it to hold the PCI Express
port type as well as the port interrupt mode, change its name and use it
to simplify the code in portdrv_core.c .
Additionally, remove the redundant interrupt_mode member of struct
pcie_device defined in include/linux/pcieport_if.h .
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCIe port driver calls pci_enable_device() during probe but
never calls pci_disable_device() during remove.
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Commit 47a8b0cc (Enable PCIe AER only after checking firmware
support) wants to walk the PCI bus in the remove path to disable
AER, and calls pci_walk_bus for downstream bridges.
Unfortunately, in the remove path, we remove devices and bridges
in a depth-first manner, starting with the furthest downstream
bridge and working our way backwards.
The furthest downstream bridges will not have a dev->subordinate,
and we hit a NULL deref in pci_walk_bus.
Check for dev->subordinate first before attempting to walk the
PCI hierarchy below us.
Acked-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
The PCIe port driver currently sets the PCIe AER error reporting bits for
any root or switch port without first checking to see if firmware will grant
control. This patch moves setting these bits to the AER service driver
aer_enable_port routine. The bits are then set for the root port and any
downstream switch ports after the check for firmware support (aer_osc_setup)
is made. The patch also unsets the bits in a similar fashion when the AER
service driver is unloaded.
Reviewed-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@hobbes.lan>
Simplify suspend and resume of the PCI Express port driver. It no
longer needs to save and restore the standard configuration space of the
device; this is now done by the PCI PM core layer.
This patch is reported to fix the regression tracked as
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12598
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Reported-and-tested-by: Parag Warudkar <parag.lkml@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
We only want to disable ASPM when the last function is removed from
the parent's device list. We determine this by checking to see if
the parent's device list is completely empty.
Unfortunately, we never hit that code because the parent is considered
an upstream port, and never had an ASPM link_state associated with it.
The early check for !link_state causes us to return early, we never
discover that our device list is empty, and thus we never remove the
downstream ports' link_state nodes.
Instead of checking to see if the parent's device list is empty, we can
check to see if we are the last device on the list, and if so, then we
know that we can clean up properly.
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The cpu_relax() function can be a noop on certain architectures like
IA-64 when CPU threads are disabled, so use msleep instead during link
retraining busy/wait loop.
Introduce define LINK_RETRAIN_TIMEOUT instead of hard-coding timeout in
pcie_aspm_configure_common_clock.
Use time_after() to avoid jiffy wraparound when checking for expired
timeout.
After timeout expires, recheck link status register link training bit
instead of checking for expired timeout to avoid possible false
positive.
Note that Matthew Wilcox came up with the first rough version of this
patch.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Add kerneldoc comments to the reamining functions in
drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c .
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Rearrange code in drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_bus.c and
drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c so that related functions and data
structures are closer together.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
There is a problem with the suspend and resume of PCI Express port
service devices that the ->suspend() and ->resume() routines of each
service device are called twice in each suspend-resume cycle, which
is obviously wrong.
The scenario is that first, the PCI Express port driver calls
suspend and resume routines of each port service driver from its
pcie_portdrv_suspend() and pcie_portdrv_resume() callbacks,
respectively (which is correct), and second, the pcie_port_bus_type
driver calls them from its ->suspend() and ->resume() callbacks
(which is not correct, because it doesn't happen at the right time).
The solution is to remove the ->suspend() and ->resume() callbacks
from pcie_port_bus_type and the associated functions.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Add kerneldoc comments to some functions in
drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c, since the code in there is not
easy to follow without any additional description.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
In a PCIe hierarchy with a switch present, if the link state of an
endpoint device is changed, we must check the whole hierarchy from the
endpoint device to root port, and for each link in the hierarchy, the new
link state should be configured. Previously, the implementation checked
the state but forgot to configure the links between root port to switch.
Fixes Novell bz #448987.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Tested-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Suspend-resume of PCI Express ports has recently been moved into
_suspend_late() and _resume_early() callbacks, but some functions
executed from there should not be called with interrupts disabled,
eg. pci_enable_device(). For this reason, split the suspend-resume
of PCI Express ports into parts to be executed with interrupts
disabled and with interrupts enabled.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
These printks don't contain enough information to be useful. I think it
would be more useful to have a message when a service driver binds to a
root port. That could contain the service type, the interrupt mode and
IRQ, etc.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
I don't see why the suspend and resume of PCI Express ports should be
handled with interrupts enabled and it may even lead to problems in
some situations. For this reason, move the suspending and resuming
of PCI Express ports into ->suspend_late() and ->resume_early()
callbacks executed with interrupts disabled.
This patch addresses the regression from 2.6.26 tracked as
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12121 .
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The _OSC capability OSC_EXT_PCI_CONFIG_SUPPORT is set when the root
bridge is added with pci_acpi_osc_support(), so we no longer need to do
it in the PCIe AER driver.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The _OSC capabilities OSC_ACTIVE_STATE_PWR_SUPPORT and
OSC_CLOCK_PWR_CAPABILITY_SUPPORT are set when the root bridge is added
with pci_acpi_osc_support(), so we no longer need to do it in the ASPM
driver. Also add the function pcie_aspm_enabled, which returns true if
pcie_aspm=off is not on the kernel command-line.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This patch is part of a larger patch series which will remove
the "char bus_id[20]" name string from struct device. The device
name is managed in the kobject anyway, and without any size
limitation, and just needlessly copied into "struct device".
To set and read the device name dev_name(dev) and dev_set_name(dev)
must be used. If your code uses static kobjects, which it shouldn't
do, "const char *init_name" can be used to statically provide the
name the registered device should have. At registration time, the
init_name field is cleared, to enforce the use of dev_name(dev) to
access the device name at a later time.
We need to get rid of all occurrences of bus_id in the entire tree
to be able to enable the new interface. Please apply this patch,
and possibly convert any remaining remaining occurrences of bus_id.
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-Off-By: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
What we have to check here before calling is err_handler->resume, not
->slot_reset. Looks like a copy & paste error from report_slot_reset.
Acked-by: Yanmin Zhang <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Makes a Compaq 6735s boot reliably again. It used to hang in the loop
on some boots. Give the link one second to train, otherwise break out
of the loop and reset the previously set clock bits.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Garrett <mjg59@srcf.ucam.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The 'use pci_find_ext_capability everywhere' cleanup brought a new bug,
which makes the AER stop working. Fix it by actually using find_ext_cap
instead of just find_cap. Drop the unused config space size define while
we're at it.
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Remove some open coded (and buggy) versions of pci_find_ext_capability
in favor of the real routine in the PCI core.
Tested-by: Tomasz Czernecki <czernecki@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Vasquez <andrew.vasquez@qlogic.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This patch uniformizes PCI probing debug boot messages with dev_printk()
intead of manual printk()
It changes adress range output from [%llx, %llx] to [%#llx-%#llx], like
in pci_request_region().
For example, it goes from the mixed-style:
PCI: 0000:00:1b.0 reg 10 64bit mmio: [f4280000, f4283fff]
pci 0000:00:1b.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
to uniform:
pci 0000:00:1b.0: reg 10 64bit mmio: [0xf4280000-0xf4283fff]
pci 0000:00:1b.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
This patch has been runtime tested, boot log messages diffed, everything
looks OK.
Acked-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Vincent Legoll <vincent.legoll@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Use "[%04x:%04x]" for PCI vendor/device IDs to follow the format
used by lspci(8).
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
pcie_aspm=force did not work because aspm_force was being double negated
leading to the sanity check failing. Moving a bracket should fix this.
Acked-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sitsofe Wheeler <sitsofe@yahoo.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Consolidate finding of a root bridge and getting its handle to the one
inline function. It's cut & pasted on multiple places. Use this new
inline in those.
Cc: kristen.c.accardi@intel.com
Acked-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
A new option, pcie_aspm=force, will force ASPM to be enabled, even on system
with PCIe 1.0 devices.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Disable ASPM on pre-1.1 PCIe devices, as many of them don't implement it
correctly.
Tested-by: Jack Howarth <howarth@bromo.msbb.uc.edu>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The ACPI FADT table includes an ASPM control bit. If the bit is set, do
not enable ASPM since it may indicate that the platform doesn't actually
support the feature.
Tested-by: Jack Howarth <howarth@bromo.msbb.uc.edu>
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
While refreshing my physical PCI slot series against upstream, I
noticed a few simple sparse/compile warnings that were easy to
fix.
Fix the following sparse warnings in PCIe:
drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv.c:86:6: warning: symbol 'pci_no_aer'
was not declared. Should it be static?
drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_bus.c:21:17: warning: symbol
'pcie_port_bus_type' was not declared. Should it be static?
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The Slot 03:00.* of JMicron controller has two functions, but one is
PCIE endpoint the other isn't PCIE device, very strange. PCIE spec
defines all functions should have the same config for ASPM, so disable
ASPM for the whole slot in this case.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jbarnes/pci-2.6: (21 commits)
pciehp: fix error message about getting hotplug control
pci/irq: let pci_device_shutdown to call pci_msi_shutdown v2
pci/irq: restore mask_bits in msi shutdown -v3
doc: replace yet another dev with pdev for consistency in DMA-mapping.txt
PCI: don't expose struct pci_vpd to userspace
doc: fix an incorrect suggestion to pass NULL for PCI like buses
Consistently use pdev as the variable of type struct pci_dev *.
pciehp: Fix command write
shpchp: fix slot name
make pciehp_acpi_get_hp_hw_control_from_firmware()
pciehp: Clean up pcie_init()
pciehp: Mask hotplug interrupt at controller release
pciehp: Remove useless hotplug interrupt enabling
pciehp: Fix wrong slot capability check
pciehp: Fix wrong slot control register access
pciehp: Add missing memory barrier
pciehp: Fix interrupt event handlig
pciehp: fix slot name
Update MAINTAINERS with location of PCI tree
PCI: Add Intel SCH PCI IDs
...
Running 'make oldconfig' I just noticed that PCIEASPM defaults to
'y' in Kconfig even though the feature is both experimental and the
help text recommends that if you are unsure you say 'n'.
It seems to me that this really should default to 'n', not 'y' at the
moment.
The following patch makes that change. Please consider applying.
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <jesper.juhl@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
__FUNCTION__ is gcc-specific, use __func__
Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
There's no reason for checking pdev->bus for being NULL here (and we'd
anyway Oops 3 lines below if it was).
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
PCI Express ASPM defines a protocol for PCI Express components in the D0
state to reduce Link power by placing their Links into a low power state
and instructing the other end of the Link to do likewise. This
capability allows hardware-autonomous, dynamic Link power reduction
beyond what is achievable by software-only controlled power management.
However, The device should be configured by software appropriately.
Enabling ASPM will save power, but will introduce device latency.
This patch adds ASPM support in Linux. It introduces a global policy for
ASPM, a sysfs file /sys/module/pcie_aspm/parameters/policy can control
it. The interface can be used as a boot option too. Currently we have
below setting:
-default, BIOS default setting
-powersave, highest power saving mode, enable all available ASPM
state and clock power management
-performance, highest performance, disable ASPM and clock power
management
By default, the 'default' policy is used currently.
In my test, power difference between powersave mode and performance mode
is about 1.3w in a system with 3 PCIE links.
Note: some devices might not work well with aspm, either because chipset
issue or device issue. The patch provide API (pci_disable_link_state),
driver can disable ASPM for specific device.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
#if 0 the no longer used pci_cleanup_aer_correct_error_status().
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Cc: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
[PATCH] pcie AER: don't check _OSC when acpi is disabled
when acpi=off or pci=noacpi, get warning
AER service couldn't init device 0000:00:0a.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
AER service couldn't init device 0000:00:0e.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
AER service couldn't init device 0000:00:0f.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
AER service couldn't init device 0000:80:0b.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
AER service couldn't init device 0000:80:0e.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
AER service couldn't init device 0000:80:0f.0:pcie01 - no _OSC support
so don't check _OSC in aer_osc_setup
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai.lu@sun.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This reverts commit 6c723d5bd8.
It caused build errors on non-x86 platforms, config file confusion, and
even some boot errors on some x86-64 boxes. All around, not quite ready
for prime-time :(
Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
PCI Express ASPM defines a protocol for PCI Express components in the D0
state to reduce Link power by placing their Links into a low power state
and instructing the other end of the Link to do likewise. This
capability allows hardware-autonomous, dynamic Link power reduction
beyond what is achievable by software-only controlled power management.
However, The device should be configured by software appropriately.
Enabling ASPM will save power, but will introduce device latency.
This patch adds ASPM support in Linux. It introduces a global policy for
ASPM, a sysfs file /sys/module/pcie_aspm/parameters/policy can control
it. The interface can be used as a boot option too. Currently we have
below setting:
-default, BIOS default setting
-powersave, highest power saving mode, enable all available ASPM
state
and clock power management
-performance, highest performance, disable ASPM and clock power
management
By default, the 'default' policy is used currently.
In my test, power difference between powersave mode and performance mode
is about 1.3w in a system with 3 PCIE links.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
According to the PCI Firmware Specification Revision 3.0 section 4.5, _OSC
should only be called on a root brdige. Here is the relevant passage: "The
_OSC interface defined in this section applies only to Host Bridge ACPI
devices that originate PCI, PCI-X, or PCI Express hierarchies". Changed the
code to find the parent root bridge of the device and call _OSC on that.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
AER is only used with PCIe devices so we should only check PCIe devices for
_OSC support.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Native PME is capability of root port or root complex event collector.
It's not determined by PCI PME capability.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The pcie protdrv status can be returned uninitialized,
if there are no children under a device. This leads to
bad responses downstream. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Linas Vepstas <linas@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
For cases in which CONFIG_PCIEAER=y (such as distro kernels), allow users
to disable PCIE Advanced Error Reporting by using "pci=noaer" on the
kernel command line.
This can be used to work around hardware or (kernel) software problems.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Remove unnecessary CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI_PCIE_EVENT_MODE.
The CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI_PCIE_POLL_EVENT_MODE option is not needed
because polling mechanism can be enabled through 'pciehp_poll_mode'
module option.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Kristen Carlson Accardi <kristen.c.accardi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Transform some calls to kmalloc/memset to a single kzalloc (or kcalloc).
Here is a short excerpt of the semantic patch performing
this transformation:
@@
type T2;
expression x;
identifier f,fld;
expression E;
expression E1,E2;
expression e1,e2,e3,y;
statement S;
@@
x =
- kmalloc
+ kzalloc
(E1,E2)
... when != \(x->fld=E;\|y=f(...,x,...);\|f(...,x,...);\|x=E;\|while(...) S\|for(e1;e2;e3) S\)
- memset((T2)x,0,E1);
@@
expression E1,E2,E3;
@@
- kzalloc(E1 * E2,E3)
+ kcalloc(E1,E2,E3)
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: get kcalloc args the right way around]
Signed-off-by: Yoann Padioleau <padator@wanadoo.fr>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
Acked-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
Acked-by: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@mail.ru>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Pierre Ossman <drzeus-list@drzeus.cx>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jeff@garzik.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: "Antonino A. Daplas" <adaplas@pol.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Function to clear bogus correctable errors. Analog to pci_aer_uncorrect_are_status.
The Marvell chips seem to start out with a bogus value that needs to be
cleared.
Yanmin ported it to 2.6.22-rc4 by fixing a fuzz patch applying info.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Below patch fixes aer driver error information and enables aer driver
although CONFIG_ACPI=n.
As a matter of fact, the new patch is created from below 2 patches plus
a minor patch apply fuzz fixing. Because the second patch fixed a compilation
error introduced by the first patch, I merge them to facilitate bisect.
1) http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=117783233918191&w=2;
2) http://marc.info/?l=linux-mm-commits&m=118046936720790&w=2
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
First thing mm.h does is including sched.h solely for can_do_mlock() inline
function which has "current" dereference inside. By dealing with can_do_mlock()
mm.h can be detached from sched.h which is good. See below, why.
This patch
a) removes unconditional inclusion of sched.h from mm.h
b) makes can_do_mlock() normal function in mm/mlock.c
c) exports can_do_mlock() to not break compilation
d) adds sched.h inclusions back to files that were getting it indirectly.
e) adds less bloated headers to some files (asm/signal.h, jiffies.h) that were
getting them indirectly
Net result is:
a) mm.h users would get less code to open, read, preprocess, parse, ... if
they don't need sched.h
b) sched.h stops being dependency for significant number of files:
on x86_64 allmodconfig touching sched.h results in recompile of 4083 files,
after patch it's only 3744 (-8.3%).
Cross-compile tested on
all arm defconfigs, all mips defconfigs, all powerpc defconfigs,
alpha alpha-up
arm
i386 i386-up i386-defconfig i386-allnoconfig
ia64 ia64-up
m68k
mips
parisc parisc-up
powerpc powerpc-up
s390 s390-up
sparc sparc-up
sparc64 sparc64-up
um-x86_64
x86_64 x86_64-up x86_64-defconfig x86_64-allnoconfig
as well as my two usual configs.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
PCIE error output should conform to vendor_id:device_id.
Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Fix following section mismatch warning (when compiled with CONFIG_HOTPLUG=n):
WARNING: drivers/pci/built-in.o - Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:aer_probe from .data between 'aerdrv' (at offset 0x1608) and 'aer_error_handlers'
Warning was fixed by renaming aerdrv to aerdriver so we pass the whitelist.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Fix following section mismatch warning (when compiled with CONFIG_HOTPLUG=n):
WARNING: drivers/pci/built-in.o - Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:pcie_portdrv_probe from .data between 'pcie_portdrv' (at offset 0xe40) and 'pcie_portdrv_err_handler'
This warning was fixed by renaming pcie_portdrv to pcie_portdriver so we pass
the whitelist.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The following warning message should not be displayed for devices
which don't use an interrupt pin.
pcie_portdrv_probe->Dev[XXXX:XXXX] has invalid IRQ. Check vendor BIOS
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Run this:
#!/bin/sh
for f in $(grep -Erl "\([^\)]*\) *k[cmz]alloc" *) ; do
echo "De-casting $f..."
perl -pi -e "s/ ?= ?\([^\)]*\) *(k[cmz]alloc) *\(/ = \1\(/" $f
done
And then go through and reinstate those cases where code is casting pointers
to non-pointers.
And then drop a few hunks which conflicted with outstanding work.
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>, Ian Molton <spyro@f2s.com>
Cc: Mikael Starvik <starvik@axis.com>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Paul Fulghum <paulkf@microgate.com>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Cc: Karsten Keil <kkeil@suse.de>
Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@infradead.org>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jeff@garzik.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
Cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Pass the work_struct pointer to the work function rather than context data.
The work function can use container_of() to work out the data.
For the cases where the container of the work_struct may go away the moment the
pending bit is cleared, it is made possible to defer the release of the
structure by deferring the clearing of the pending bit.
To make this work, an extra flag is introduced into the management side of the
work_struct. This governs auto-release of the structure upon execution.
Ordinarily, the work queue executor would release the work_struct for further
scheduling or deallocation by clearing the pending bit prior to jumping to the
work function. This means that, unless the driver makes some guarantee itself
that the work_struct won't go away, the work function may not access anything
else in the work_struct or its container lest they be deallocated.. This is a
problem if the auxiliary data is taken away (as done by the last patch).
However, if the pending bit is *not* cleared before jumping to the work
function, then the work function *may* access the work_struct and its container
with no problems. But then the work function must itself release the
work_struct by calling work_release().
In most cases, automatic release is fine, so this is the default. Special
initiators exist for the non-auto-release case (ending in _NAR).
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
On Thu, 2006-09-28 at 03:42, Olaf Hering wrote:
> PCI-Express AER implemetation: pcie_portdrv error handler
>
> This patch breaks if CONFIG_PM is not enabled,
> pcie_portdrv_restore_config() will be undefined.
I move the definition of pcie_portdrv_restore_config
out of CONFIG_PM.
Below patch is against 2.6.18-mm1. Could you try it?
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
__must_check goes on the declaration, not the definition.
Cc: "Randy.Dunlap" <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Maintain a per-CPU global "struct pt_regs *" variable which can be used instead
of passing regs around manually through all ~1800 interrupt handlers in the
Linux kernel.
The regs pointer is used in few places, but it potentially costs both stack
space and code to pass it around. On the FRV arch, removing the regs parameter
from all the genirq function results in a 20% speed up of the IRQ exit path
(ie: from leaving timer_interrupt() to leaving do_IRQ()).
Where appropriate, an arch may override the generic storage facility and do
something different with the variable. On FRV, for instance, the address is
maintained in GR28 at all times inside the kernel as part of general exception
handling.
Having looked over the code, it appears that the parameter may be handed down
through up to twenty or so layers of functions. Consider a USB character
device attached to a USB hub, attached to a USB controller that posts its
interrupts through a cascaded auxiliary interrupt controller. A character
device driver may want to pass regs to the sysrq handler through the input
layer which adds another few layers of parameter passing.
I've build this code with allyesconfig for x86_64 and i386. I've runtested the
main part of the code on FRV and i386, though I can't test most of the drivers.
I've also done partial conversion for powerpc and MIPS - these at least compile
with minimal configurations.
This will affect all archs. Mostly the changes should be relatively easy.
Take do_IRQ(), store the regs pointer at the beginning, saving the old one:
struct pt_regs *old_regs = set_irq_regs(regs);
And put the old one back at the end:
set_irq_regs(old_regs);
Don't pass regs through to generic_handle_irq() or __do_IRQ().
In timer_interrupt(), this sort of change will be necessary:
- update_process_times(user_mode(regs));
- profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING, regs);
+ update_process_times(user_mode(get_irq_regs()));
+ profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING);
I'd like to move update_process_times()'s use of get_irq_regs() into itself,
except that i386, alone of the archs, uses something other than user_mode().
Some notes on the interrupt handling in the drivers:
(*) input_dev() is now gone entirely. The regs pointer is no longer stored in
the input_dev struct.
(*) finish_unlinks() in drivers/usb/host/ohci-q.c needs checking. It does
something different depending on whether it's been supplied with a regs
pointer or not.
(*) Various IRQ handler function pointers have been moved to type
irq_handler_t.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from 1b16e7ac850969f38b375e511e3fa2f474a33867 commit)
Patch 3 implements the core part of PCI-Express AER and aerdrv
port service driver.
When a root port service device is probed, the aerdrv will call
request_irq to register irq handler for AER error interrupt.
When a device sends an PCI-Express error message to the root port,
the root port will trigger an interrupt, by either MSI or IO-APIC,
then kernel would run the irq handler. The handler collects root
error status register and schedules a work. The work will call
the core part to process the error based on its type
(Correctable/non-fatal/fatal).
As for Correctable errors, the patch chooses to just clear the correctable
error status register of the device.
As for the non-fatal error, the patch follows generic PCI error handler
rules to call the error callback functions of the endpoint's driver. If
the device is a bridge, the patch chooses to broadcast the error to
downstream devices.
As for the fatal error, the patch resets the pci-express link and
follows generic PCI error handler rules to call the error callback
functions of the endpoint's driver. If the device is a bridge, the patch
chooses to broadcast the error to downstream devices.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Have pcie_port_bus_register() notice and return errors.
Mark it __must_check so that its caller(s) must check its return value.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
If pcie_portdrv_probe() fails but it had already called
pci_enable_device(), then call pci_disable_device() when
returning error.
Is there some reason that this isn't being done?
or was it just missed?
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
this patch converts drivers/pci to kzalloc usage.
Compile tested with allyes config.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sesterhenn <snakebyte@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The bus_id string must be unique for all devices of that bus in the
system, not just for devices with the same parent - otherwise multiple
symlinks with identical names appear in /sys/bus/pci_express/devices.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Vlasov <vsu@altlinux.ru>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
I recently picked up my older work to remove unnecessary #includes of
sched.h, starting from a patch by Dave Jones to not include sched.h
from module.h. This reduces the number of indirect includes of sched.h
by ~300. Another ~400 pointless direct includes can be removed after
this disentangling (patch to follow later).
However, quite a few indirect includes need to be fixed up for this.
In order to feed the patches through -mm with as little disturbance as
possible, I've split out the fixes I accumulated up to now (complete for
i386 and x86_64, more archs to follow later) and post them before the real
patch. This way this large part of the patch is kept simple with only
adding #includes, and all hunks are independent of each other. So if any
hunk rejects or gets in the way of other patches, just drop it. My scripts
will pick it up again in the next round.
Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
In PM v1, all devices were called at SUSPEND_DISABLE level. Then
all devices were called at SUSPEND_SAVE_STATE level, and finally
SUSPEND_POWER_DOWN level. However, with PM v2, to maintain
compatibility for platform devices, I arranged for the PM v2
suspend/resume callbacks to call the old PM v1 suspend/resume
callbacks three times with each level in order so that existing
drivers continued to work.
Since this is obsolete infrastructure which is no longer necessary,
we can remove it. Here's an (untested) patch to do exactly that.
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Few more u32 vs. pm_message_t fixes.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch, is based on kernel 2.6.12, provides a fix for PCIe
port bus driver suspend/resume.
Signed-off-by: T. Long Nguyen <tom.l.nguyen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
On Friday, March 25, 2005 8:47 PM Greg KH wrote:
>Here's a fix for pci express. For some reason I don't think they are
>using the driver model properly here, but I could be wrong...
Thanks for making the changes. However, changes in functions:
void pcie_port_device_remove(struct pci_dev *dev) and
static int remove_iter(struct device *dev, void *data)
are not correct. Please use the patch, which is based on kernel
2.6.12-rc1, below for a fix for these.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Here is the updated patch to get pciehp driver to work for downstream
port of a switch and handle the difference in the offset value of PCI
Express capability list item of different ports.
Signed-off-by: Dely Sy <dely.l.sy@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
