This was used in the olden days, back when onions were proper
yellow. Basically it mapped to the current buffer to be
transferred. With highmem being added more than a decade ago,
most drivers map pages out of a bio, and rq->buffer isn't
pointing at anything valid.
Convert old style drivers to just use bio_data().
For the discard payload use case, just reference the page
in the bio.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
interruptible_sleep_on is racy and going away. This replaces the one
caller in the swim3 driver with the equivalent race-free
wait_event_interruptible call. Since we're here already, this
also fixes the case where we get interrupted from atomic context,
which used to just spin in the loop.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
The value passed is 0 in all but "it can never happen" cases (and those
only in a couple of drivers) *and* it would've been lost on the way
out anyway, even if something tried to pass something meaningful.
Just don't bother.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The use of pointer fs should be after the null check.
Signed-off-by: Cong Ding <dinggnu@gmail.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
CONFIG_HOTPLUG is going away as an option. As a result, the __dev*
markings need to be removed.
This change removes the use of __devinit, __devexit_p, __devinitdata,
__devinitconst, and __devexit from these drivers.
Based on patches originally written by Bill Pemberton, but redone by me
in order to handle some of the coding style issues better, by hand.
Cc: Bill Pemberton <wfp5p@virginia.edu>
Cc: Mike Miller <mike.miller@hp.com>
Cc: Chirag Kantharia <chirag.kantharia@hp.com>
Cc: Geoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org>
Cc: Jim Paris <jim@jtan.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
Cc: Keith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Tao Guo <Tao.Guo@emc.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
The old PowerMac swim3 driver has some "interesting" locking issues,
using a private lock and failing to lock the queue before completing
requests, which triggered WARN_ONs among others.
This rips out the private lock, makes everything operate under the
block queue lock, and generally makes things simpler.
We used to also share a queue between the two possible instances which
was problematic since we might pick the wrong controller in some cases,
so make the queue and the current request per-instance and use
queuedata to point to our private data which is a lot cleaner.
We still share the queue lock but then, it's nearly impossible to actually
use 2 swim3's simultaneously: one would need to have a Wallstreet
PowerBook, the only machine afaik with two of these on the motherboard,
and populate both hotswap bays with a floppy drive (the machine ships
only with one), so nobody cares...
While at it, add a little fix to clear up stale interrupts when loading
the driver or plugging a floppy drive in a bay.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
of_device_id structures need a NULL terminating entry, add it.
Signed-off-by: Axel Lin <axel.lin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
In-kernel disk event polling doesn't matter for legacy/fringe drivers
and may lead to infinite event loop if ->check_events() implementation
generates events on level condition instead of edge.
Now that block layer supports suppressing exporting unlisted events,
simply leaving disk->events cleared allows these drivers to keep the
internal revalidation behavior intact while avoiding weird
interactions with userland event handler.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Convert from ->media_changed() to ->check_events().
Both swim and swim3 buffer media changed state and clear it on
revalidation. They will behave correctly with kernel event polling.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Laurent Vivier <laurent@lvivier.info>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
The block device drivers have all gained new lock_kernel
calls from a recent pushdown, and some of the drivers
were already using the BKL before.
This turns the BKL into a set of per-driver mutexes.
Still need to check whether this is safe to do.
file=$1
name=$2
if grep -q lock_kernel ${file} ; then
if grep -q 'include.*linux.mutex.h' ${file} ; then
sed -i '/include.*<linux\/smp_lock.h>/d' ${file}
else
sed -i 's/include.*<linux\/smp_lock.h>.*$/include <linux\/mutex.h>/g' ${file}
fi
sed -i ${file} \
-e "/^#include.*linux.mutex.h/,$ {
1,/^\(static\|int\|long\)/ {
/^\(static\|int\|long\)/istatic DEFINE_MUTEX(${name}_mutex);
} }" \
-e "s/\(un\)*lock_kernel\>[ ]*()/mutex_\1lock(\&${name}_mutex)/g" \
-e '/[ ]*cycle_kernel_lock();/d'
else
sed -i -e '/include.*\<smp_lock.h\>/d' ${file} \
-e '/cycle_kernel_lock()/d'
fi
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
The open and release block_device_operations are currently
called with the BKL held. In order to change that, we must
first make sure that all drivers that currently rely
on this have no regressions.
This blindly pushes the BKL into all .open and .release
operations for all block drivers to prepare for the
next step. The drivers can subsequently replace the BKL
with their own locks or remove it completely when it can
be shown that it is not needed.
The functions blkdev_get and blkdev_put are the only
remaining users of the big kernel lock in the block
layer, besides a few uses in the ioctl code, none
of which need to serialize with blkdev_{get,put}.
Most of these two functions is also under the protection
of bdev->bd_mutex, including the actual calls to
->open and ->release, and the common code does not
access any global data structures that need the BKL.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
As a preparation for the removal of the big kernel
lock in the block layer, this removes the BKL
from the common ioctl handling code, moving it
into every single driver still using it.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Grant patches added an of mach table to struct device_driver. However,
while he changed the macio device code to use that, he left the match
table pointer in struct macio_driver and didn't update drivers to use
the "new" one, thus breaking the probing.
This completes the change by moving all drivers to setup the "new"
one, removing all traces of the old one, and while at it (since it
changes the exact same locations), I also remove two other duplicates
from struct driver which are the name and owner fields.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
The following structure elements duplicate the information in
'struct device.of_node' and so are being eliminated. This patch
makes all readers of these elements use device.of_node instead.
(struct of_device *)->node
(struct dev_archdata *)->prom_node (sparc)
(struct dev_archdata *)->of_node (powerpc & microblaze)
Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
The hotplug mediabay has tendrils deep into drivers/ide code
which makes a libata port reather difficult. In addition it's
ugly and could be done better.
This reworks the interface between the mediabay and the rest
of the world so that:
- Any macio_driver can now have a mediabay_event callback
which will be called when that driver sits on a mediabay and
it's been either plugged or unplugged. The device type is
passed as an argument. We can now move all the IDE cruft
into the IDE driver itself
- A check_media_bay() function can be used to take a peek
at the type of device currently in the bay if any, a cleaner
variant of the previous function with the same name.
- A pair of lock/unlock functions are exposed to allow the
IDE driver to block the hotplug callbacks during the initial
setup and probing of the bay in order to avoid nasty race
conditions.
- The mediabay code no longer needs to spin on the status
register of the IDE interface when it detects an IDE device,
this is done just fine by the IDE code itself
Overall, less code, simpler, and allows for another driver
than our old drivers/ide based one.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (34 commits)
trivial: fix typo in aic7xxx comment
trivial: fix comment typo in drivers/ata/pata_hpt37x.c
trivial: typo in kernel-parameters.txt
trivial: fix typo in tracing documentation
trivial: add __init/__exit macros in drivers/gpio/bt8xxgpio.c
trivial: add __init macro/ fix of __exit macro location in ipmi_poweroff.c
trivial: remove unnecessary semicolons
trivial: Fix duplicated word "options" in comment
trivial: kbuild: remove extraneous blank line after declaration of usage()
trivial: improve help text for mm debug config options
trivial: doc: hpfall: accept disk device to unload as argument
trivial: doc: hpfall: reduce risk that hpfall can do harm
trivial: SubmittingPatches: Fix reference to renumbered step
trivial: fix typos "man[ae]g?ment" -> "management"
trivial: media/video/cx88: add __init/__exit macros to cx88 drivers
trivial: fix typo in CONFIG_DEBUG_FS in gcov doc
trivial: fix missing printk space in amd_k7_smp_check
trivial: fix typo s/ketymap/keymap/ in comment
trivial: fix typo "to to" in multiple files
trivial: fix typos in comments s/DGBU/DBGU/
...
Till now block layer allowed two separate modes of request execution.
A request is always acquired from the request queue via
elv_next_request(). After that, drivers are free to either dequeue it
or process it without dequeueing. Dequeue allows elv_next_request()
to return the next request so that multiple requests can be in flight.
Executing requests without dequeueing has its merits mostly in
allowing drivers for simpler devices which can't do sg to deal with
segments only without considering request boundary. However, the
benefit this brings is dubious and declining while the cost of the API
ambiguity is increasing. Segment based drivers are usually for very
old or limited devices and as converting to dequeueing model isn't
difficult, it doesn't justify the API overhead it puts on block layer
and its more modern users.
Previous patches converted all block low level drivers to dequeueing
model. This patch completes the API transition by...
* renaming elv_next_request() to blk_peek_request()
* renaming blkdev_dequeue_request() to blk_start_request()
* adding blk_fetch_request() which is combination of peek and start
* disallowing completion of queued (not started) requests
* applying new API to all LLDs
Renamings are for consistency and to break out of tree code so that
it's apparent that out of tree drivers need updating.
[ Impact: block request issue API cleanup, no functional change ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Mike Miller <mike.miller@hp.com>
Cc: unsik Kim <donari75@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Clements <paul.clements@steeleye.com>
Cc: Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <Geert.Uytterhoeven@sonycom.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Laurent Vivier <Laurent@lvivier.info>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
Cc: Adrian McMenamin <adrian@mcmen.demon.co.uk>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <bzolnier@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <petkovbb@googlemail.com>
Cc: Sergei Shtylyov <sshtylyov@ru.mvista.com>
Cc: Alex Dubov <oakad@yahoo.com>
Cc: Pierre Ossman <drzeus@drzeus.cx>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Markus Lidel <Markus.Lidel@shadowconnect.com>
Cc: Stefan Weinhuber <wein@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Pete Zaitcev <zaitcev@redhat.com>
Cc: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
swim3 has at most single request in flight and already tracks it using
fd_req. Convert it to dequeuing model by updating request fetching
and wrapping completion function.
[ Impact: dequeue in-flight request ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
With recent cleanups, there is no place where low level driver
directly manipulates request fields. This means that the 'hard'
request fields always equal the !hard fields. Convert all
rq->sectors, nr_sectors and current_nr_sectors references to
accessors.
While at it, drop superflous blk_rq_pos() < 0 test in swim.c.
[ Impact: use pos and nr_sectors accessors ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <Geert.Uytterhoeven@sonycom.com>
Tested-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
Acked-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
Tested-by: Adrian McMenamin <adrian@mcmen.demon.co.uk>
Acked-by: Adrian McMenamin <adrian@mcmen.demon.co.uk>
Acked-by: Mike Miller <mike.miller@hp.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <bzolnier@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <petkovbb@googlemail.com>
Cc: Sergei Shtylyov <sshtylyov@ru.mvista.com>
Cc: Eric Moore <Eric.Moore@lsi.com>
Cc: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: Pete Zaitcev <zaitcev@redhat.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Paul Clements <paul.clements@steeleye.com>
Cc: Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.net>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Alex Dubov <oakad@yahoo.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Dario Ballabio <ballabio_dario@emc.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: unsik Kim <donari75@gmail.com>
Cc: Laurent Vivier <Laurent@lvivier.info>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
swim3 curiously tries to update request parameters before calling
__blk_end_request() when __blk_end_request() will do it anyway, and it
updates request for partial completion manually instead of using
blk_update_request(). Also, it does some spurious checks on rq such
as testing whether rq->sector is negative or current_nr_sectors is
zero right after fetching.
Drop unnecessary stuff and use standard block layer mechanisms.
[ Impact: cleanup ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
end_request() has been kept around for backward compatibility;
however, it's about time for it to go away.
* There aren't too many users left.
* Its use of @updtodate is pretty confusing.
* In some cases, newer code ends up using mixture of end_request() and
[__]blk_end_request[_all](), which is way too confusing.
So, add [__]blk_end_request_cur() and replace end_request() with it.
Most conversions are straightforward. Noteworthy ones are...
* paride/pcd: next_request() updated to take 0/-errno instead of 1/0.
* paride/pf: pf_end_request() and next_request() updated to take
0/-errno instead of 1/0.
* xd: xd_readwrite() updated to return 0/-errno instead of 1/0.
* mtd/mtd_blkdevs: blktrans_discard_request() updated to return
0/-errno instead of 1/0. Unnecessary local variable res
initialization removed from mtd_blktrans_thread().
[ Impact: cleanup ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Joerg Dorchain <joerg@dorchain.net>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
Acked-by: Laurent Vivier <Laurent@lvivier.info>
Cc: Tim Waugh <tim@cyberelk.net>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Markus Lidel <Markus.Lidel@shadowconnect.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Pete Zaitcev <zaitcev@redhat.com>
Cc: unsik Kim <donari75@gmail.com>
To keep the size of changesets sane we split the switch by drivers;
to keep the damn thing bisectable we do the following:
1) rename the affected methods, add ones with correct
prototypes, make (few) callers handle both. That's this changeset.
2) for each driver convert to new methods. *ALL* drivers
are converted in this series.
3) kill the old (renamed) methods.
Note that it _is_ a flagday; all in-tree drivers are converted and by the
end of this series no trace of old methods remain. The only reason why
we do that this way is to keep the damn thing bisectable and allow per-driver
debugging if anything goes wrong.
New methods:
open(bdev, mode)
release(disk, mode)
ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg) /* Called without BKL */
compat_ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg)
locked_ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg) /* Called with BKL, legacy */
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The current pmac32_defconfig fails to build with the following error:
Building modules, stage 2.
ERROR: "check_media_bay" [drivers/block/swim3.ko] undefined!
WARNING: modpost: Found 23 section mismatch(es).
To see full details build your kernel with:
'make CONFIG_DEBUG_SECTION_MISMATCH=y'
make[2]: *** [__modpost] Error 1
This patch fixes that.
Signed-off-by: Tony Breeds <tony@bakeyournoodle.com>
Acked-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Acked-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <bzolnier@gmail.com>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some of the code has been gradually transitioned to using the proper
struct request_queue, but there's lots left. So do a full sweet of
the kernel and get rid of this typedef and replace its uses with
the proper type.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Maintain a per-CPU global "struct pt_regs *" variable which can be used instead
of passing regs around manually through all ~1800 interrupt handlers in the
Linux kernel.
The regs pointer is used in few places, but it potentially costs both stack
space and code to pass it around. On the FRV arch, removing the regs parameter
from all the genirq function results in a 20% speed up of the IRQ exit path
(ie: from leaving timer_interrupt() to leaving do_IRQ()).
Where appropriate, an arch may override the generic storage facility and do
something different with the variable. On FRV, for instance, the address is
maintained in GR28 at all times inside the kernel as part of general exception
handling.
Having looked over the code, it appears that the parameter may be handed down
through up to twenty or so layers of functions. Consider a USB character
device attached to a USB hub, attached to a USB controller that posts its
interrupts through a cascaded auxiliary interrupt controller. A character
device driver may want to pass regs to the sysrq handler through the input
layer which adds another few layers of parameter passing.
I've build this code with allyesconfig for x86_64 and i386. I've runtested the
main part of the code on FRV and i386, though I can't test most of the drivers.
I've also done partial conversion for powerpc and MIPS - these at least compile
with minimal configurations.
This will affect all archs. Mostly the changes should be relatively easy.
Take do_IRQ(), store the regs pointer at the beginning, saving the old one:
struct pt_regs *old_regs = set_irq_regs(regs);
And put the old one back at the end:
set_irq_regs(old_regs);
Don't pass regs through to generic_handle_irq() or __do_IRQ().
In timer_interrupt(), this sort of change will be necessary:
- update_process_times(user_mode(regs));
- profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING, regs);
+ update_process_times(user_mode(get_irq_regs()));
+ profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING);
I'd like to move update_process_times()'s use of get_irq_regs() into itself,
except that i386, alone of the archs, uses something other than user_mode().
Some notes on the interrupt handling in the drivers:
(*) input_dev() is now gone entirely. The regs pointer is no longer stored in
the input_dev struct.
(*) finish_unlinks() in drivers/usb/host/ohci-q.c needs checking. It does
something different depending on whether it's been supplied with a regs
pointer or not.
(*) Various IRQ handler function pointers have been moved to type
irq_handler_t.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
(cherry picked from 1b16e7ac850969f38b375e511e3fa2f474a33867 commit)
drivers/block/swim3.c: In function 'swim3_interrupt':
drivers/block/swim3.c:640: warning: format '%lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'unsigned int'
drivers/block/swim3.c:746: warning: format '%lx' expects type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'unsigned int'
Update printk format string after blkdev.h change:
Split struct request ->flags into two parts
Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olaf@aepfle.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
After Christophs SCSI change, the only usage left is RQ_ACTIVE
and RQ_INACTIVE. The block layer sets RQ_INACTIVE right before freeing
the request, so any check for RQ_INACTIVE in a driver is a bug and
indicates use-after-free.
So kill/clean the remaining users, straight forward.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
Port the PowerMac floppy driver (swim3) to use the macio device
infrastructure.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The pre-parsed addrs/n_addrs fields in struct device_node are finally
gone. Remove the dodgy heuristics that did that parsing at boot and
remove the fields themselves since we now have a good replacement with
the new OF parsing code. This patch also fixes a bunch of drivers to use
the new code instead, so that at least pmac32, pseries, iseries and g5
defconfigs build.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This patch removes CONFIG_PMAC_PBOOK (PowerBook support). This is now
split into CONFIG_PMAC_MEDIABAY for the actual hotswap bay that some
powerbooks have, CONFIG_PM for power management related code, and just left
out of any CONFIG_* option for some generally useful stuff that can be used
on non-laptops as well.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
