IORESOURCE_DMA cannot be assigned without utilizing the interface
provided by CONFIG_ISA_DMA_API, specifically request_dma() and
free_dma(). Thus, there's a strict dependency on the config option and
limits IORESOURCE_DMA only to architectures that support ISA-style DMA.
ia64 is not one of those architectures, so pnp_check_dma() no longer
needs to be special-cased for that architecture.
pnp_assign_resources() will now return -EINVAL if IORESOURCE_DMA is
attempted on such a kernel.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The PNP ACPI driver squirrels the ACPI handles of PNP devices' ACPI
companions, but this isn't correct, because those handles should be
accessed using the DEVICE_ACPI_HANDLE() macro operating on struct
device objects.
Using DEVICE_ACPI_HANDLE() in the PNP ACPI driver instead of the
driver's own copies of the ACPI handles allows us to avoid a problem
with docking stations where a machine docked before suspend to RAM
and undocked while suspended crashes during the subsequent resume (in
that case the ACPI companion of the PNP device in question doesn't
exist any more while the device is being resumed). It also allows us
to avoid the problem where suspend to RAM fails when the machine was
undocked while suspended before (again, the ACPI companion of the PNP
device is not present any more while it is being suspended).
This change doesn't fix all of the the PNP ACPI driver's problems
with PNP devices in docking stations (generally speaking, the driver
has no idea that devices can come and go and doesn't even attempt to
handle such events), but at least it makes suspend work for the
users of docking stations who don't use the PNP devices located in
there.
References: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15100
Reported-and-tested-by: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Acked-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
The big kernel lock has been removed from all these files at some point,
leaving only the #include.
Remove this too as a cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cleanup only, no functional change (pnp.debug can be enabled
and disabled at runtime, but that's not a real enhancement).
This one depends on another PNP cleanup patch:
PNP: Compile all pnp built-in stuff in one module namespace
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
This is cleanup mostly, nothing urgent.
I came up with it when looking at dynamic debug which can
enable pr_debug messages at runtime or boot param
for a specific module.
Advantages:
- Any pnp code can make use of the moduleparam.h interface, the modules
will show up as pnp.param.
- Passing pnp.ddebug as kernel boot param will enable all pnp debug messages
with my previous patch and CONFIG_DYNAMIC_DEBUG enabled.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
* 'release' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6: (53 commits)
ACPI: install ACPI table handler before any dynamic tables being loaded
ACPI / PM: Blacklist another machine that needs acpi_sleep=nonvs
ACPI: Page based coalescing of I/O remappings optimization
ACPI: Convert simple locking to RCU based locking
ACPI: Pre-map 'system event' related register blocks
ACPI: Add interfaces for ioremapping/iounmapping ACPI registers
ACPI: Maintain a list of ACPI memory mapped I/O remappings
ACPI: Fix ioremap size for MMIO reads and writes
ACPI / Battery: Return -ENODEV for unknown values in get_property()
ACPI / PM: Fix reference counting of power resources
Subject: [PATCH] ACPICA: Fix Scope() op in module level code
ACPI battery: support percentage battery remaining capacity
ACPI: Make Embedded Controller command timeout delay configurable
ACPI dock: move some functions to .init.text
ACPI: thermal: remove unused limit code
ACPI: static sleep_states[] and acpi_gts_bfs_check
ACPI: remove dead code
ACPI: delete dedicated MAINTAINERS entries for ACPI EC and BATTERY drivers
ACPI: Only processor needs CPU_IDLE
ACPICA: Update version to 20101013
...
The patch below updates broken web addresses in the kernel
Signed-off-by: Justin P. Mattock <justinmattock@gmail.com>
Cc: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Finn Thain <fthain@telegraphics.com.au>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Dimitry Torokhov <dmitry.torokhov@gmail.com>
Cc: Mike Frysinger <vapier.adi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Ben Pfaff <blp@cs.stanford.edu>
Acked-by: Hans J. Koch <hjk@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Finn Thain <fthain@telegraphics.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
If primary ID (HID) is invalid try locating first valid ID on compatible
ID list before giving up.
This helps, for example, to recognize i8042 AUX port on Sony Vaio VPCZ1
which uses SNYSYN0003 as HID. Without the patch users are forced to
boot with i8042.nopnp to make use of their touchpads.
Tested-by: Jan-Hendrik Zab <jan@jhz.name>
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@mail.ru>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
ACPI devices are often involved in address space conflicts with PCI devices,
so I think it's worth logging the resources they use. Otherwise we have to
depend on lspnp or groping around in sysfs to find them.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Remove BKL use from isapnp_proc_bus_lseek(), like was done for
proc_bus_pci_lseek() a long time ago and recently for Zorro
by Geert Uytterhoeven.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
This patch (as1354) adds remote-wakeup support to the pnpacpi driver.
The new can_wakeup method also allows other PNP protocol drivers
(pnpbios or iaspnp) to add wakeup support, but I don't know enough
about how they work to actually do it.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Reviewed-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
With fa35b4926, I broke a lot of PNP resource assignment. That commit made
PNPACPI include bridge windows as PNP resources, and PNP resource assignment
treats any enabled overlapping PNP resources as conflicts. Since PCI host
bridge windows typically include most of the I/O port space, this makes PNP
port assigments fail.
The PCI host bridge driver will eventually use those PNP window resources,
so we should make PNP ignore them when checking for conflicts.
This fixes https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15903
Reported-and-tested-by: Pavel Kysilka <goldenfish@linuxsoft.cz>
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
ACPI _CRS Address Space Descriptors have _MIN, _MAX, and _LEN. Linux has
been computing Address Spaces as [_MIN to _MIN + _LEN - 1]. Based on the
tests in the bug reports below, Windows apparently uses [_MIN to _MAX].
Per spec (ACPI 4.0, Table 6-40), for _CRS fixed-size, fixed location
descriptors, "_LEN must be (_MAX - _MIN + 1)", and when that's true, it
doesn't matter which way we compute the end. But of course, there are
BIOSes that don't follow this rule, and we're better off if Linux handles
those exceptions the same way as Windows.
This patch makes Linux use [_MIN to _MAX], as Windows seems to do. This
effectively reverts 3162b6f0c5 and replaces it with simpler code.
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14337 (round)
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15480 (truncate)
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
The ACPI spec (sec 6.4.3.5 in v4.0) requires that for Address Space Resource
Descriptors, _LEN <= _MAX - _MIN + 1 in all cases, but there are BIOSes that
violate this. We experimentally determined that Windows truncates the
resource so it doesn't extend past _MAX, so let's do the same thing in
Linux.
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15480
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Add support for bus number resources. This is for bridges with a range of
bus numbers behind them. Previously, PNP ignored bus number resources.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Add support for resource windows. This is for bridge resources, i.e.,
regions where a bridge forwards transactions from the primary to the
secondary side. This does not add support for *setting* windows via
the /proc interface.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Convert code away from ->read_proc/->write_proc interfaces. Switch to
proc_create()/proc_create_data() which make addition of proc entries
reliable wrt NULL ->proc_fops, NULL ->data and so on.
Problem with ->read_proc et al is described here commit
786d7e1612 "Fix rmmod/read/write races in
/proc entries"
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Adam Belay <abelay@mit.edu>
Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add pnp_acpi_device(pnp_dev), which takes a PNP device and returns the
associated ACPI device (or NULL, if the device is not a PNPACPI device).
This allows us to write a PNP driver that can manage both traditional
PNPBIOS and ACPI devices, treating ACPI-only functionality as an optional
extension.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Makes use of skip_spaces() defined in lib/string.c for removing leading
spaces from strings all over the tree.
It decreases lib.a code size by 47 bytes and reuses the function tree-wide:
text data bss dec hex filename
64688 584 592 65864 10148 (TOTALS-BEFORE)
64641 584 592 65817 10119 (TOTALS-AFTER)
Also, while at it, if we see (*str && isspace(*str)), we can be sure to
remove the first condition (*str) as the second one (isspace(*str)) also
evaluates to 0 whenever *str == 0, making it redundant. In other words,
"a char equals zero is never a space".
Julia Lawall tried the semantic patch (http://coccinelle.lip6.fr) below,
and found occurrences of this pattern on 3 more files:
drivers/leds/led-class.c
drivers/leds/ledtrig-timer.c
drivers/video/output.c
@@
expression str;
@@
( // ignore skip_spaces cases
while (*str && isspace(*str)) { \(str++;\|++str;\) }
|
- *str &&
isspace(*str)
)
Signed-off-by: André Goddard Rosa <andre.goddard@gmail.com>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Richard Purdie <rpurdie@rpsys.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Henrique de Moraes Holschuh <hmh@hmh.eng.br>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: <linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Samuel Ortiz <samuel@sortiz.org>
Cc: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some drivers need to look at things in the acpi_device structure
besides the handle.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Jesse accidentally applied v1 [1] of the patchset instead of v2 [2]. This
is the diff between v1 and v2.
The changes in this patch are:
- tidied vsprintf stack buffer to shrink and compute size more
accurately
- use %pR for decoding and %pr for "raw" (with type and flags) instead
of adding %pRt and %pRf
[1] http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/10/6/491
[2] http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/10/13/441
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Every acpi_device has at least one ID (if there's no _HID or _CID, we
give it a synthetic or default ID). So there's no longer a need to
check whether an ID exists; we can just use it.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
There's no need to treat _HID and _CID differently. Keeping them in
a single list makes code that uses the IDs a little simpler because it
can just traverse the list rather than checking "do we have a HID?",
"do we have any CIDs?"
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Use acpi_device_hid() rather than accessing acpi_device.pnp.hardware_id
directly.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
* 'release' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6: (119 commits)
ACPI: don't pass handle for fixed hardware notifications
ACPI: remove null pointer checks in deferred execution path
ACPI: simplify deferred execution path
acerhdf: additional BIOS versions
acerhdf: convert to dev_pm_ops
acerhdf: fix fan control for AOA150 model
thermal: add missing Kconfig dependency
acpi: switch /proc/acpi/{debug_layer,debug_level} to seq_file
hp-wmi: fix rfkill memory leak on unload
ACPI: remove unnecessary #ifdef CONFIG_DMI
ACPI: linux/acpi.h should not include linux/dmi.h
hwmon driver for ACPI 4.0 power meters
topstar-laptop: add new driver for hotkeys support on Topstar N01
thinkpad_acpi: fix rfkill memory leak on unload
thinkpad-acpi: report brightness events when required
thinkpad-acpi: don't poll by default any of the reserved hotkeys
thinkpad-acpi: Fix procfs hotkey reset command
thinkpad-acpi: deprecate hotkey_bios_mask
thinkpad-acpi: hotkey poll fixes
thinkpad-acpi: be more strict when detecting a ThinkPad
...
The shutdown method is used by the winbond cir driver to setup the
hardware for wake-from-S5.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: David Härdeman <david@hardeman.nu>
Cc: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@mail.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Completed a major update for the acpi_get_object_info external interface.
Changes include:
- Support for variable, unlimited length HID, UID, and CID strings
- Support Processor objects the same as Devices (HID,UID,CID,ADR,STA, etc.)
- Call the _SxW power methods on behalf of a device object
- Determine if a device is a PCI root bridge
- Change the ACPI_BUFFER parameter to ACPI_DEVICE_INFO.
These changes will require an update to all callers of this interface.
See the ACPICA Programmer Reference for details.
Also, update all invocations of acpi_get_object_info interface
Signed-off-by: Bob Moore <robert.moore@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Lin Ming <ming.m.lin@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Fully initialize bad_bios_desc statically instead of doing some
fields statically and some dynamically.
Suggested-by: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090809080350.GA4765@localhost.localdomain>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
GDT_ENTRY_INIT is static initializer of desc_struct.
We already have similar macro GDT_ENTRY() but it's static
initializer for u64 and it cannot be used for desc_struct.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090718151219.GD11294@localhost.localdomain>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Rename set_base()/set_limit to set_desc_base()/set_desc_limit()
and rewrite them in C. These are naturally introduced by the
idea of get_desc_base()/get_desc_limit().
The conversion actually found the bug in apm_32.c:
bad_bios_desc is written at run-time, but it is defined const
variable.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
LKML-Reference: <20090718151105.GC11294@localhost.localdomain>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* 'drm-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6: (50 commits)
drm: include kernel list header file in hashtab header
drm: Export hash table functionality.
drm: Split out the mm declarations in a separate header. Add atomic operations.
drm/radeon: add support for RV790.
drm/radeon: add rv740 drm support.
drm_calloc_large: check right size, check integer overflow, use GFP_ZERO
drm: Eliminate magic I2C frobbing when reading EDID
drm/i915: duplicate desired mode for use by fbcon.
drm/via: vfree() no need checking before calling it
drm: Replace DRM_DEBUG with DRM_DEBUG_DRIVER in i915 driver
drm: Replace DRM_DEBUG with DRM_DEBUG_MODE in drm_mode
drm/i915: Replace DRM_DEBUG with DRM_DEBUG_KMS in intel_sdvo
drm/i915: replace DRM_DEBUG with DRM_DEBUG_KMS in intel_lvds
drm: add separate drm debugging levels
radeon: remove _DRM_DRIVER from the preadded sarea map
drm: don't associate _DRM_DRIVER maps with a master
drm: simplify kcalloc() call to kzalloc().
intelfb: fix spelling of "CLOCK"
drm: fix LOCK_TEST_WITH_RETURN macro
drm/i915: Hook connector to encoder during load detection (fixes tv/vga detect)
...
Add a PNP resource range check function, indicating whether a resource
has been assigned to any device.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
[apw@canonical.com: fixed up exports et al]
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Anholt <eric@anholt.net>
Conflicts:
arch/mips/sibyte/bcm1480/irq.c
arch/mips/sibyte/sb1250/irq.c
Merge reason: we gathered a few conflicts plus update to latest upstream fixes.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Extended Address Space Descriptors are new in ACPI 3.0 and allow the
BIOS to communicate device resource cacheability attributes (write-back,
write-through, uncacheable, etc) to the OS.
Previously, PNPACPI ignored these descriptors, so if a BIOS used them,
a device could be responding at addresses the OS doesn't know about.
This patch adds support for these descriptors in _CRS and _PRS. We
don't attempt to encode them for _SRS (just like we don't attempt to
encode the existing 16-, 32-, and 64-bit Address Space Descriptors).
Unfortunately, I don't have a way to test this.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
