Merge branch 'kvm-arm64/vgic-fixes-5.7' into kvmarm-master/master

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-init.c

@@ -348,6 +348,12 @@ void kvm_vgic_vcpu_destroy(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	struct vgic_cpu *vgic_cpu = &vcpu->arch.vgic_cpu;
 
+	/*
+	 * Retire all pending LPIs on this vcpu anyway as we're
+	 * going to destroy it.
+	 */
+	vgic_flush_pending_lpis(vcpu);
+
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vgic_cpu->ap_list_head);
 }
 
@@ -359,10 +365,10 @@ static void __kvm_vgic_destroy(struct kvm *kvm)
 
 	vgic_debug_destroy(kvm);
 
-	kvm_vgic_dist_destroy(kvm);
-
 	kvm_for_each_vcpu(i, vcpu, kvm)
 		kvm_vgic_vcpu_destroy(vcpu);
+
+	kvm_vgic_dist_destroy(kvm);
 }
 
 void kvm_vgic_destroy(struct kvm *kvm)

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-its.c

@@ -96,14 +96,21 @@ out_unlock:
 	 * We "cache" the configuration table entries in our struct vgic_irq's.
 	 * However we only have those structs for mapped IRQs, so we read in
 	 * the respective config data from memory here upon mapping the LPI.
+	 *
+	 * Should any of these fail, behave as if we couldn't create the LPI
+	 * by dropping the refcount and returning the error.
 	 */
 	ret = update_lpi_config(kvm, irq, NULL, false);
-	if (ret)
+	if (ret) {
+		vgic_put_irq(kvm, irq);
 		return ERR_PTR(ret);
+	}
 
 	ret = vgic_v3_lpi_sync_pending_status(kvm, irq);
-	if (ret)
+	if (ret) {
+		vgic_put_irq(kvm, irq);
 		return ERR_PTR(ret);
+	}
 
 	return irq;
 }

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-mmio-v2.c

@@ -409,24 +409,28 @@ static const struct vgic_register_region vgic_v2_dist_registers[] = {
 		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_v2_group, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_ENABLE_SET,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_senable, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_ENABLE_CLEAR,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_cenable, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_PENDING_SET,
-		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_spending, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_spending,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_spending, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_PENDING_CLEAR,
-		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_cpending, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_cpending,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_cpending, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_ACTIVE_SET,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_sactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive, 1,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_ACTIVE_CLEAR,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_cactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive, 1,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ(GIC_DIST_PRI,
 		vgic_mmio_read_priority, vgic_mmio_write_priority, NULL, NULL,

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-mmio-v3.c

@@ -538,10 +538,12 @@ static const struct vgic_register_region vgic_v3_dist_registers[] = {
 		vgic_mmio_read_group, vgic_mmio_write_group, NULL, NULL, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_ISENABLER,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_senable, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_ICENABLER,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable, NULL, NULL, 1,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable,
+	       NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_cenable, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_ISPENDR,
 		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_spending,
@@ -553,11 +555,11 @@ static const struct vgic_register_region vgic_v3_dist_registers[] = {
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_ISACTIVER,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_sactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive, 1,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive, 1,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_ICACTIVER,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_cactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive,
 		1, VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_BITS_PER_IRQ_SHARED(GICD_IPRIORITYR,
 		vgic_mmio_read_priority, vgic_mmio_write_priority, NULL, NULL,
@@ -609,11 +611,13 @@ static const struct vgic_register_region vgic_v3_rd_registers[] = {
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH(SZ_64K + GICR_IGROUPR0,
 		vgic_mmio_read_group, vgic_mmio_write_group, 4,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
-	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH(SZ_64K + GICR_ISENABLER0,
+	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH_UACCESS(SZ_64K + GICR_ISENABLER0,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable, 4,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_senable,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_senable, 4,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
-	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH(SZ_64K + GICR_ICENABLER0,
+	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH_UACCESS(SZ_64K + GICR_ICENABLER0,
-		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable, 4,
+		vgic_mmio_read_enable, vgic_mmio_write_cenable,
+		NULL, vgic_uaccess_write_cenable, 4,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH_UACCESS(SZ_64K + GICR_ISPENDR0,
 		vgic_mmio_read_pending, vgic_mmio_write_spending,
@@ -625,12 +629,12 @@ static const struct vgic_register_region vgic_v3_rd_registers[] = {
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH_UACCESS(SZ_64K + GICR_ISACTIVER0,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_sactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_sactive, 4,
-		4, VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
+		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH_UACCESS(SZ_64K + GICR_ICACTIVER0,
 		vgic_mmio_read_active, vgic_mmio_write_cactive,
-		NULL, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive,
+		vgic_uaccess_read_active, vgic_mmio_uaccess_write_cactive, 4,
-		4, VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
+		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit),
 	REGISTER_DESC_WITH_LENGTH(SZ_64K + GICR_IPRIORITYR0,
 		vgic_mmio_read_priority, vgic_mmio_write_priority, 32,
 		VGIC_ACCESS_32bit | VGIC_ACCESS_8bit),

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-mmio.c

@@ -184,6 +184,48 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cenable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	}
 }
 
+int vgic_uaccess_write_senable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+			       gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+			       unsigned long val)
+{
+	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
+	int i;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	for_each_set_bit(i, &val, len * 8) {
+		struct vgic_irq *irq = vgic_get_irq(vcpu->kvm, vcpu, intid + i);
+
+		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+		irq->enabled = true;
+		vgic_queue_irq_unlock(vcpu->kvm, irq, flags);
+
+		vgic_put_irq(vcpu->kvm, irq);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int vgic_uaccess_write_cenable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+			       gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+			       unsigned long val)
+{
+	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
+	int i;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	for_each_set_bit(i, &val, len * 8) {
+		struct vgic_irq *irq = vgic_get_irq(vcpu->kvm, vcpu, intid + i);
+
+		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+		irq->enabled = false;
+		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+
+		vgic_put_irq(vcpu->kvm, irq);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_pending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				     gpa_t addr, unsigned int len)
 {
@@ -219,17 +261,6 @@ unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_pending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	return value;
 }
 
-/* Must be called with irq->irq_lock held */
-static void vgic_hw_irq_spending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq,
-				 bool is_uaccess)
-{
-	if (is_uaccess)
-		return;
-
-	irq->pending_latch = true;
-	vgic_irq_set_phys_active(irq, true);
-}
-
 static bool is_vgic_v2_sgi(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq)
 {
 	return (vgic_irq_is_sgi(irq->intid) &&
@@ -240,7 +271,6 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_spending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			      gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 			      unsigned long val)
 {
-	bool is_uaccess = !kvm_get_running_vcpu();
 	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
 	int i;
 	unsigned long flags;
@@ -270,22 +300,48 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_spending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			continue;
 		}
 
+		irq->pending_latch = true;
 		if (irq->hw)
-			vgic_hw_irq_spending(vcpu, irq, is_uaccess);
+			vgic_irq_set_phys_active(irq, true);
-		else
+
-			irq->pending_latch = true;
 		vgic_queue_irq_unlock(vcpu->kvm, irq, flags);
 		vgic_put_irq(vcpu->kvm, irq);
 	}
 }
 
-/* Must be called with irq->irq_lock held */
+int vgic_uaccess_write_spending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
-static void vgic_hw_irq_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq,
+				gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
-				 bool is_uaccess)
+				unsigned long val)
 {
-	if (is_uaccess)
+	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
-		return;
+	int i;
+	unsigned long flags;
 
+	for_each_set_bit(i, &val, len * 8) {
+		struct vgic_irq *irq = vgic_get_irq(vcpu->kvm, vcpu, intid + i);
+
+		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+		irq->pending_latch = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * GICv2 SGIs are terribly broken. We can't restore
+		 * the source of the interrupt, so just pick the vcpu
+		 * itself as the source...
+		 */
+		if (is_vgic_v2_sgi(vcpu, irq))
+			irq->source |= BIT(vcpu->vcpu_id);
+
+		vgic_queue_irq_unlock(vcpu->kvm, irq, flags);
+
+		vgic_put_irq(vcpu->kvm, irq);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Must be called with irq->irq_lock held */
+static void vgic_hw_irq_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq)
+{
 	irq->pending_latch = false;
 
 	/*
@@ -308,7 +364,6 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			      gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 			      unsigned long val)
 {
-	bool is_uaccess = !kvm_get_running_vcpu();
 	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
 	int i;
 	unsigned long flags;
@@ -339,7 +394,7 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 		}
 
 		if (irq->hw)
-			vgic_hw_irq_cpending(vcpu, irq, is_uaccess);
+			vgic_hw_irq_cpending(vcpu, irq);
 		else
 			irq->pending_latch = false;
 
@@ -348,8 +403,68 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	}
 }
 
-unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+int vgic_uaccess_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
-				    gpa_t addr, unsigned int len)
+				gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+				unsigned long val)
+{
+	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
+	int i;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	for_each_set_bit(i, &val, len * 8) {
+		struct vgic_irq *irq = vgic_get_irq(vcpu->kvm, vcpu, intid + i);
+
+		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+		/*
+		 * More fun with GICv2 SGIs! If we're clearing one of them
+		 * from userspace, which source vcpu to clear? Let's not
+		 * even think of it, and blow the whole set.
+		 */
+		if (is_vgic_v2_sgi(vcpu, irq))
+			irq->source = 0;
+
+		irq->pending_latch = false;
+
+		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
+
+		vgic_put_irq(vcpu->kvm, irq);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If we are fiddling with an IRQ's active state, we have to make sure the IRQ
+ * is not queued on some running VCPU's LRs, because then the change to the
+ * active state can be overwritten when the VCPU's state is synced coming back
+ * from the guest.
+ *
+ * For shared interrupts as well as GICv3 private interrupts, we have to
+ * stop all the VCPUs because interrupts can be migrated while we don't hold
+ * the IRQ locks and we don't want to be chasing moving targets.
+ *
+ * For GICv2 private interrupts we don't have to do anything because
+ * userspace accesses to the VGIC state already require all VCPUs to be
+ * stopped, and only the VCPU itself can modify its private interrupts
+ * active state, which guarantees that the VCPU is not running.
+ */
+static void vgic_access_active_prepare(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 intid)
+{
+	if (vcpu->kvm->arch.vgic.vgic_model == KVM_DEV_TYPE_ARM_VGIC_V3 ||
+	    intid >= VGIC_NR_PRIVATE_IRQS)
+		kvm_arm_halt_guest(vcpu->kvm);
+}
+
+/* See vgic_access_active_prepare */
+static void vgic_access_active_finish(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 intid)
+{
+	if (vcpu->kvm->arch.vgic.vgic_model == KVM_DEV_TYPE_ARM_VGIC_V3 ||
+	    intid >= VGIC_NR_PRIVATE_IRQS)
+		kvm_arm_resume_guest(vcpu->kvm);
+}
+
+static unsigned long __vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+					     gpa_t addr, unsigned int len)
 {
 	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
 	u32 value = 0;
@@ -359,6 +474,10 @@ unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	for (i = 0; i < len * 8; i++) {
 		struct vgic_irq *irq = vgic_get_irq(vcpu->kvm, vcpu, intid + i);
 
+		/*
+		 * Even for HW interrupts, don't evaluate the HW state as
+		 * all the guest is interested in is the virtual state.
+		 */
 		if (irq->active)
 			value |= (1U << i);
 
@@ -368,6 +487,29 @@ unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	return value;
 }
 
+unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				    gpa_t addr, unsigned int len)
+{
+	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
+	u32 val;
+
+	mutex_lock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
+	vgic_access_active_prepare(vcpu, intid);
+
+	val = __vgic_mmio_read_active(vcpu, addr, len);
+
+	vgic_access_active_finish(vcpu, intid);
+	mutex_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
+
+	return val;
+}
+
+unsigned long vgic_uaccess_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				    gpa_t addr, unsigned int len)
+{
+	return __vgic_mmio_read_active(vcpu, addr, len);
+}
+
 /* Must be called with irq->irq_lock held */
 static void vgic_hw_irq_change_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq,
 				      bool active, bool is_uaccess)
@@ -426,36 +568,6 @@ static void vgic_mmio_change_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct vgic_irq *irq,
 		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&irq->irq_lock, flags);
 }
 
-/*
- * If we are fiddling with an IRQ's active state, we have to make sure the IRQ
- * is not queued on some running VCPU's LRs, because then the change to the
- * active state can be overwritten when the VCPU's state is synced coming back
- * from the guest.
- *
- * For shared interrupts, we have to stop all the VCPUs because interrupts can
- * be migrated while we don't hold the IRQ locks and we don't want to be
- * chasing moving targets.
- *
- * For private interrupts we don't have to do anything because userspace
- * accesses to the VGIC state already require all VCPUs to be stopped, and
- * only the VCPU itself can modify its private interrupts active state, which
- * guarantees that the VCPU is not running.
- */
-static void vgic_change_active_prepare(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 intid)
-{
-	if (vcpu->kvm->arch.vgic.vgic_model == KVM_DEV_TYPE_ARM_VGIC_V3 ||
-	    intid > VGIC_NR_PRIVATE_IRQS)
-		kvm_arm_halt_guest(vcpu->kvm);
-}
-
-/* See vgic_change_active_prepare */
-static void vgic_change_active_finish(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 intid)
-{
-	if (vcpu->kvm->arch.vgic.vgic_model == KVM_DEV_TYPE_ARM_VGIC_V3 ||
-	    intid > VGIC_NR_PRIVATE_IRQS)
-		kvm_arm_resume_guest(vcpu->kvm);
-}
-
 static void __vgic_mmio_write_cactive(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				      gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 				      unsigned long val)
@@ -477,11 +589,11 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cactive(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
 
 	mutex_lock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
-	vgic_change_active_prepare(vcpu, intid);
+	vgic_access_active_prepare(vcpu, intid);
 
 	__vgic_mmio_write_cactive(vcpu, addr, len, val);
 
-	vgic_change_active_finish(vcpu, intid);
+	vgic_access_active_finish(vcpu, intid);
 	mutex_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
 }
 
@@ -514,11 +626,11 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_sactive(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	u32 intid = VGIC_ADDR_TO_INTID(addr, 1);
 
 	mutex_lock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
-	vgic_change_active_prepare(vcpu, intid);
+	vgic_access_active_prepare(vcpu, intid);
 
 	__vgic_mmio_write_sactive(vcpu, addr, len, val);
 
-	vgic_change_active_finish(vcpu, intid);
+	vgic_access_active_finish(vcpu, intid);
 	mutex_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->lock);
 }
 

virt/kvm/arm/vgic/vgic-mmio.h

@@ -138,6 +138,14 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cenable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			     gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 			     unsigned long val);
 
+int vgic_uaccess_write_senable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+			       gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+			       unsigned long val);
+
+int vgic_uaccess_write_cenable(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+			       gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+			       unsigned long val);
+
 unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_pending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				     gpa_t addr, unsigned int len);
 
@@ -149,9 +157,20 @@ void vgic_mmio_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			      gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 			      unsigned long val);
 
+int vgic_uaccess_write_spending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+				unsigned long val);
+
+int vgic_uaccess_write_cpending(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
+				unsigned long val);
+
 unsigned long vgic_mmio_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				    gpa_t addr, unsigned int len);
 
+unsigned long vgic_uaccess_read_active(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				    gpa_t addr, unsigned int len);
+
 void vgic_mmio_write_cactive(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			     gpa_t addr, unsigned int len,
 			     unsigned long val);