linux/fs/kernfs/dir.c

/*
 * fs/kernfs/dir.c - kernfs directory implementation
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001-3 Patrick Mochel
 * Copyright (c) 2007 SUSE Linux Products GmbH
 * Copyright (c) 2007, 2013 Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
 *
 * This file is released under the GPLv2.
 */

#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/idr.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>

#include "kernfs-internal.h"

DEFINE_MUTEX(kernfs_mutex);

#define rb_to_kn(X) rb_entry((X), struct kernfs_node, rb)

/**
 *	kernfs_name_hash
 *	@name: Null terminated string to hash
 *	@ns:   Namespace tag to hash
 *
 *	Returns 31 bit hash of ns + name (so it fits in an off_t )
 */
static unsigned int kernfs_name_hash(const char *name, const void *ns)
{
	unsigned long hash = init_name_hash();
	unsigned int len = strlen(name);
	while (len--)
		hash = partial_name_hash(*name++, hash);
	hash = (end_name_hash(hash) ^ hash_ptr((void *)ns, 31));
	hash &= 0x7fffffffU;
	/* Reserve hash numbers 0, 1 and INT_MAX for magic directory entries */
	if (hash < 1)
		hash += 2;
	if (hash >= INT_MAX)
		hash = INT_MAX - 1;
	return hash;
}

static int kernfs_name_compare(unsigned int hash, const char *name,
			       const void *ns, const struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	if (hash != kn->hash)
		return hash - kn->hash;
	if (ns != kn->ns)
		return ns - kn->ns;
	return strcmp(name, kn->name);
}

static int kernfs_sd_compare(const struct kernfs_node *left,
			     const struct kernfs_node *right)
{
	return kernfs_name_compare(left->hash, left->name, left->ns, right);
}

/**
 *	kernfs_link_sibling - link kernfs_node into sibling rbtree
 *	@kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 *	Link @kn into its sibling rbtree which starts from
 *	@kn->parent->dir.children.
 *
 *	Locking:
 *	mutex_lock(kernfs_mutex)
 *
 *	RETURNS:
 *	0 on susccess -EEXIST on failure.
 */
static int kernfs_link_sibling(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct rb_node **node = &kn->parent->dir.children.rb_node;
	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;

	if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_DIR)
		kn->parent->dir.subdirs++;

	while (*node) {
		struct kernfs_node *pos;
		int result;

		pos = rb_to_kn(*node);
		parent = *node;
		result = kernfs_sd_compare(kn, pos);
		if (result < 0)
			node = &pos->rb.rb_left;
		else if (result > 0)
			node = &pos->rb.rb_right;
		else
			return -EEXIST;
	}
	/* add new node and rebalance the tree */
	rb_link_node(&kn->rb, parent, node);
	rb_insert_color(&kn->rb, &kn->parent->dir.children);
	return 0;
}

/**
 *	kernfs_unlink_sibling - unlink kernfs_node from sibling rbtree
 *	@kn: kernfs_node of interest
 *
 *	Try to unlink @kn from its sibling rbtree which starts from
 *	kn->parent->dir.children.  Returns %true if @kn was actually
 *	removed, %false if @kn wasn't on the rbtree.
 *
 *	Locking:
 *	mutex_lock(kernfs_mutex)
 */
static bool kernfs_unlink_sibling(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	if (RB_EMPTY_NODE(&kn->rb))
		return false;

	if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_DIR)
		kn->parent->dir.subdirs--;

	rb_erase(&kn->rb, &kn->parent->dir.children);
	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&kn->rb);
	return true;
}

/**
 *	kernfs_get_active - get an active reference to kernfs_node
 *	@kn: kernfs_node to get an active reference to
 *
 *	Get an active reference of @kn.  This function is noop if @kn
 *	is NULL.
 *
 *	RETURNS:
 *	Pointer to @kn on success, NULL on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_get_active(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	if (unlikely(!kn))
		return NULL;

	if (!atomic_inc_unless_negative(&kn->active))
		return NULL;

	if (kn->flags & KERNFS_LOCKDEP)
		rwsem_acquire_read(&kn->dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_);
	return kn;
}

/**
 *	kernfs_put_active - put an active reference to kernfs_node
 *	@kn: kernfs_node to put an active reference to
 *
 *	Put an active reference to @kn.  This function is noop if @kn
 *	is NULL.
 */
void kernfs_put_active(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct kernfs_root *root = kernfs_root(kn);
	int v;

	if (unlikely(!kn))
		return;

	if (kn->flags & KERNFS_LOCKDEP)
		rwsem_release(&kn->dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
	v = atomic_dec_return(&kn->active);
	if (likely(v != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS))
		return;

	wake_up_all(&root->deactivate_waitq);
}

/**
 *	kernfs_deactivate - deactivate kernfs_node
 *	@kn: kernfs_node to deactivate
 *
 *	Deny new active references, drain existing ones and nuke all
 *	existing mmaps.  Mutiple removers may invoke this function
 *	concurrently on @kn and all will return after deactivation and
 *	draining are complete.
 */
static void kernfs_deactivate(struct kernfs_node *kn)
	__releases(&kernfs_mutex) __acquires(&kernfs_mutex)
{
	struct kernfs_root *root = kernfs_root(kn);

	lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);
	BUG_ON(!(kn->flags & KERNFS_REMOVED));

	if (!(kernfs_type(kn) & KERNFS_ACTIVE_REF))
		return;

	/* only the first invocation on @kn should deactivate it */
	if (atomic_read(&kn->active) >= 0)
		atomic_add(KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS, &kn->active);

	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

	if (kn->flags & KERNFS_LOCKDEP) {
		rwsem_acquire(&kn->dep_map, 0, 0, _RET_IP_);
		if (atomic_read(&kn->active) != KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS)
			lock_contended(&kn->dep_map, _RET_IP_);
	}

	/* but everyone should wait for draining */
	wait_event(root->deactivate_waitq,
		   atomic_read(&kn->active) == KN_DEACTIVATED_BIAS);

	if (kn->flags & KERNFS_LOCKDEP) {
		lock_acquired(&kn->dep_map, _RET_IP_);
		rwsem_release(&kn->dep_map, 1, _RET_IP_);
	}

	kernfs_unmap_bin_file(kn);

	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
}

/**
 * kernfs_get - get a reference count on a kernfs_node
 * @kn: the target kernfs_node
 */
void kernfs_get(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	if (kn) {
		WARN_ON(!atomic_read(&kn->count));
		atomic_inc(&kn->count);
	}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_get);

/**
 * kernfs_put - put a reference count on a kernfs_node
 * @kn: the target kernfs_node
 *
 * Put a reference count of @kn and destroy it if it reached zero.
 */
void kernfs_put(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct kernfs_node *parent;
	struct kernfs_root *root;

	if (!kn || !atomic_dec_and_test(&kn->count))
		return;
	root = kernfs_root(kn);
 repeat:
	/* Moving/renaming is always done while holding reference.
	 * kn->parent won't change beneath us.
	 */
	parent = kn->parent;

	WARN(!(kn->flags & KERNFS_REMOVED), "kernfs: free using entry: %s/%s\n",
	     parent ? parent->name : "", kn->name);

	if (kernfs_type(kn) == KERNFS_LINK)
		kernfs_put(kn->symlink.target_kn);
	if (!(kn->flags & KERNFS_STATIC_NAME))
		kfree(kn->name);
	if (kn->iattr) {
		if (kn->iattr->ia_secdata)
			security_release_secctx(kn->iattr->ia_secdata,
						kn->iattr->ia_secdata_len);
		simple_xattrs_free(&kn->iattr->xattrs);
	}
	kfree(kn->iattr);
	ida_simple_remove(&root->ino_ida, kn->ino);
	kmem_cache_free(kernfs_node_cache, kn);

	kn = parent;
	if (kn) {
		if (atomic_dec_and_test(&kn->count))
			goto repeat;
	} else {
		/* just released the root kn, free @root too */
		ida_destroy(&root->ino_ida);
		kfree(root);
	}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_put);

static int kernfs_dop_revalidate(struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
	struct kernfs_node *kn;

	if (flags & LOOKUP_RCU)
		return -ECHILD;

	/* Always perform fresh lookup for negatives */
	if (!dentry->d_inode)
		goto out_bad_unlocked;

	kn = dentry->d_fsdata;
	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

	/* The kernfs node has been deleted */
	if (kn->flags & KERNFS_REMOVED)
		goto out_bad;

	/* The kernfs node has been moved? */
	if (dentry->d_parent->d_fsdata != kn->parent)
		goto out_bad;

	/* The kernfs node has been renamed */
	if (strcmp(dentry->d_name.name, kn->name) != 0)
		goto out_bad;

	/* The kernfs node has been moved to a different namespace */
	if (kn->parent && kernfs_ns_enabled(kn->parent) &&
	    kernfs_info(dentry->d_sb)->ns != kn->ns)
		goto out_bad;

	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
out_valid:
	return 1;
out_bad:
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
out_bad_unlocked:
	/*
	 * @dentry doesn't match the underlying kernfs node, drop the
	 * dentry and force lookup.  If we have submounts we must allow the
	 * vfs caches to lie about the state of the filesystem to prevent
	 * leaks and other nasty things, so use check_submounts_and_drop()
	 * instead of d_drop().
	 */
	if (check_submounts_and_drop(dentry) != 0)
		goto out_valid;

	return 0;
}

static void kernfs_dop_release(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	kernfs_put(dentry->d_fsdata);
}

const struct dentry_operations kernfs_dops = {
	.d_revalidate	= kernfs_dop_revalidate,
	.d_release	= kernfs_dop_release,
};

static struct kernfs_node *__kernfs_new_node(struct kernfs_root *root,
					     const char *name, umode_t mode,
					     unsigned flags)
{
	char *dup_name = NULL;
	struct kernfs_node *kn;
	int ret;

	if (!(flags & KERNFS_STATIC_NAME)) {
		name = dup_name = kstrdup(name, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!name)
			return NULL;
	}

	kn = kmem_cache_zalloc(kernfs_node_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!kn)
		goto err_out1;

	ret = ida_simple_get(&root->ino_ida, 1, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto err_out2;
	kn->ino = ret;

	atomic_set(&kn->count, 1);
	atomic_set(&kn->active, 0);
	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&kn->rb);

	kn->name = name;
	kn->mode = mode;
	kn->flags = flags | KERNFS_REMOVED;

	return kn;

 err_out2:
	kmem_cache_free(kernfs_node_cache, kn);
 err_out1:
	kfree(dup_name);
	return NULL;
}

struct kernfs_node *kernfs_new_node(struct kernfs_node *parent,
				    const char *name, umode_t mode,
				    unsigned flags)
{
	struct kernfs_node *kn;

	kn = __kernfs_new_node(kernfs_root(parent), name, mode, flags);
	if (kn) {
		kernfs_get(parent);
		kn->parent = parent;
	}
	return kn;
}

/**
 *	kernfs_addrm_start - prepare for kernfs_node add/remove
 *	@acxt: pointer to kernfs_addrm_cxt to be used
 *
 *	This function is called when the caller is about to add or remove
 *	kernfs_node.  This function acquires kernfs_mutex.  @acxt is used
 *	to keep and pass context to other addrm functions.
 *
 *	LOCKING:
 *	Kernel thread context (may sleep).  kernfs_mutex is locked on
 *	return.
 */
void kernfs_addrm_start(struct kernfs_addrm_cxt *acxt)
	__acquires(kernfs_mutex)
{
	memset(acxt, 0, sizeof(*acxt));

	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
}

/**
 *	kernfs_add_one - add kernfs_node to parent without warning
 *	@acxt: addrm context to use
 *	@kn: kernfs_node to be added
 *
 *	The caller must already have initialized @kn->parent.  This
 *	function increments nlink of the parent's inode if @kn is a
 *	directory and link into the children list of the parent.
 *
 *	This function should be called between calls to
 *	kernfs_addrm_start() and kernfs_addrm_finish() and should be passed
 *	the same @acxt as passed to kernfs_addrm_start().
 *
 *	LOCKING:
 *	Determined by kernfs_addrm_start().
 *
 *	RETURNS:
 *	0 on success, -EEXIST if entry with the given name already
 *	exists.
 */
int kernfs_add_one(struct kernfs_addrm_cxt *acxt, struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct kernfs_node *parent = kn->parent;
	bool has_ns = kernfs_ns_enabled(parent);
	struct kernfs_iattrs *ps_iattr;
	int ret;

	if (has_ns != (bool)kn->ns) {
		WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: ns %s in '%s' for '%s'\n",
		     has_ns ? "required" : "invalid", parent->name, kn->name);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (kernfs_type(parent) != KERNFS_DIR)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (parent->flags & KERNFS_REMOVED)
		return -ENOENT;

	kn->hash = kernfs_name_hash(kn->name, kn->ns);

	ret = kernfs_link_sibling(kn);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	/* Update timestamps on the parent */
	ps_iattr = parent->iattr;
	if (ps_iattr) {
		struct iattr *ps_iattrs = &ps_iattr->ia_iattr;
		ps_iattrs->ia_ctime = ps_iattrs->ia_mtime = CURRENT_TIME;
	}

	/* Mark the entry added into directory tree */
	kn->flags &= ~KERNFS_REMOVED;

	return 0;
}

/**
 *	kernfs_addrm_finish - finish up kernfs_node add/remove
 *	@acxt: addrm context to finish up
 *
 *	Finish up kernfs_node add/remove.  Resources acquired by
 *	kernfs_addrm_start() are released and removed kernfs_nodes are
 *	cleaned up.
 *
 *	LOCKING:
 *	kernfs_mutex is released.
 */
void kernfs_addrm_finish(struct kernfs_addrm_cxt *acxt)
	__releases(kernfs_mutex)
{
	/* release resources acquired by kernfs_addrm_start() */
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

	/* kill removed kernfs_nodes */
	while (acxt->removed) {
		struct kernfs_node *kn = acxt->removed;

		acxt->removed = kn->u.removed_list;

		kernfs_put(kn);
	}
}

/**
 * kernfs_find_ns - find kernfs_node with the given name
 * @parent: kernfs_node to search under
 * @name: name to look for
 * @ns: the namespace tag to use
 *
 * Look for kernfs_node with name @name under @parent.  Returns pointer to
 * the found kernfs_node on success, %NULL on failure.
 */
static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_find_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
					  const unsigned char *name,
					  const void *ns)
{
	struct rb_node *node = parent->dir.children.rb_node;
	bool has_ns = kernfs_ns_enabled(parent);
	unsigned int hash;

	lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

	if (has_ns != (bool)ns) {
		WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: ns %s in '%s' for '%s'\n",
		     has_ns ? "required" : "invalid", parent->name, name);
		return NULL;
	}

	hash = kernfs_name_hash(name, ns);
	while (node) {
		struct kernfs_node *kn;
		int result;

		kn = rb_to_kn(node);
		result = kernfs_name_compare(hash, name, ns, kn);
		if (result < 0)
			node = node->rb_left;
		else if (result > 0)
			node = node->rb_right;
		else
			return kn;
	}
	return NULL;
}

/**
 * kernfs_find_and_get_ns - find and get kernfs_node with the given name
 * @parent: kernfs_node to search under
 * @name: name to look for
 * @ns: the namespace tag to use
 *
 * Look for kernfs_node with name @name under @parent and get a reference
 * if found.  This function may sleep and returns pointer to the found
 * kernfs_node on success, %NULL on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_find_and_get_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
					   const char *name, const void *ns)
{
	struct kernfs_node *kn;

	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
	kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, name, ns);
	kernfs_get(kn);
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);

	return kn;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kernfs_find_and_get_ns);

/**
 * kernfs_create_root - create a new kernfs hierarchy
 * @kdops: optional directory syscall operations for the hierarchy
 * @priv: opaque data associated with the new directory
 *
 * Returns the root of the new hierarchy on success, ERR_PTR() value on
 * failure.
 */
struct kernfs_root *kernfs_create_root(struct kernfs_dir_ops *kdops, void *priv)
{
	struct kernfs_root *root;
	struct kernfs_node *kn;

	root = kzalloc(sizeof(*root), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!root)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	ida_init(&root->ino_ida);

	kn = __kernfs_new_node(root, "", S_IFDIR | S_IRUGO | S_IXUGO,
			       KERNFS_DIR);
	if (!kn) {
		ida_destroy(&root->ino_ida);
		kfree(root);
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	}

	kn->flags &= ~KERNFS_REMOVED;
	kn->priv = priv;
	kn->dir.root = root;

	root->dir_ops = kdops;
	root->kn = kn;
	init_waitqueue_head(&root->deactivate_waitq);

	return root;
}

/**
 * kernfs_destroy_root - destroy a kernfs hierarchy
 * @root: root of the hierarchy to destroy
 *
 * Destroy the hierarchy anchored at @root by removing all existing
 * directories and destroying @root.
 */
void kernfs_destroy_root(struct kernfs_root *root)
{
	kernfs_remove(root->kn);	/* will also free @root */
}

/**
 * kernfs_create_dir_ns - create a directory
 * @parent: parent in which to create a new directory
 * @name: name of the new directory
 * @mode: mode of the new directory
 * @priv: opaque data associated with the new directory
 * @ns: optional namespace tag of the directory
 *
 * Returns the created node on success, ERR_PTR() value on failure.
 */
struct kernfs_node *kernfs_create_dir_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent,
					 const char *name, umode_t mode,
					 void *priv, const void *ns)
{
	struct kernfs_addrm_cxt acxt;
	struct kernfs_node *kn;
	int rc;

	/* allocate */
	kn = kernfs_new_node(parent, name, mode | S_IFDIR, KERNFS_DIR);
	if (!kn)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	kn->dir.root = parent->dir.root;
	kn->ns = ns;
	kn->priv = priv;

	/* link in */
	kernfs_addrm_start(&acxt);
	rc = kernfs_add_one(&acxt, kn);
	kernfs_addrm_finish(&acxt);

	if (!rc)
		return kn;

	kernfs_put(kn);
	return ERR_PTR(rc);
}

static struct dentry *kernfs_iop_lookup(struct inode *dir,
					struct dentry *dentry,
					unsigned int flags)
{
	struct dentry *ret;
	struct kernfs_node *parent = dentry->d_parent->d_fsdata;
	struct kernfs_node *kn;
	struct inode *inode;
	const void *ns = NULL;

	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

	if (kernfs_ns_enabled(parent))
		ns = kernfs_info(dir->i_sb)->ns;

	kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, dentry->d_name.name, ns);

	/* no such entry */
	if (!kn) {
		ret = NULL;
		goto out_unlock;
	}
	kernfs_get(kn);
	dentry->d_fsdata = kn;

	/* attach dentry and inode */
	inode = kernfs_get_inode(dir->i_sb, kn);
	if (!inode) {
		ret = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	/* instantiate and hash dentry */
	ret = d_materialise_unique(dentry, inode);
 out_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static int kernfs_iop_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
			    umode_t mode)
{
	struct kernfs_node *parent = dir->i_private;
	struct kernfs_dir_ops *kdops = kernfs_root(parent)->dir_ops;

	if (!kdops || !kdops->mkdir)
		return -EPERM;

	return kdops->mkdir(parent, dentry->d_name.name, mode);
}

static int kernfs_iop_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct kernfs_node *kn  = dentry->d_fsdata;
	struct kernfs_dir_ops *kdops = kernfs_root(kn)->dir_ops;

	if (!kdops || !kdops->rmdir)
		return -EPERM;

	return kdops->rmdir(kn);
}

static int kernfs_iop_rename(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
			     struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
	struct kernfs_node *kn  = old_dentry->d_fsdata;
	struct kernfs_node *new_parent = new_dir->i_private;
	struct kernfs_dir_ops *kdops = kernfs_root(kn)->dir_ops;

	if (!kdops || !kdops->rename)
		return -EPERM;

	return kdops->rename(kn, new_parent, new_dentry->d_name.name);
}

const struct inode_operations kernfs_dir_iops = {
	.lookup		= kernfs_iop_lookup,
	.permission	= kernfs_iop_permission,
	.setattr	= kernfs_iop_setattr,
	.getattr	= kernfs_iop_getattr,
	.setxattr	= kernfs_iop_setxattr,
	.removexattr	= kernfs_iop_removexattr,
	.getxattr	= kernfs_iop_getxattr,
	.listxattr	= kernfs_iop_listxattr,

	.mkdir		= kernfs_iop_mkdir,
	.rmdir		= kernfs_iop_rmdir,
	.rename		= kernfs_iop_rename,
};

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_leftmost_descendant(struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
	struct kernfs_node *last;

	while (true) {
		struct rb_node *rbn;

		last = pos;

		if (kernfs_type(pos) != KERNFS_DIR)
			break;

		rbn = rb_first(&pos->dir.children);
		if (!rbn)
			break;

		pos = rb_to_kn(rbn);
	}

	return last;
}

/**
 * kernfs_next_descendant_post - find the next descendant for post-order walk
 * @pos: the current position (%NULL to initiate traversal)
 * @root: kernfs_node whose descendants to walk
 *
 * Find the next descendant to visit for post-order traversal of @root's
 * descendants.  @root is included in the iteration and the last node to be
 * visited.
 */
static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_next_descendant_post(struct kernfs_node *pos,
						       struct kernfs_node *root)
{
	struct rb_node *rbn;

	lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

	/* if first iteration, visit leftmost descendant which may be root */
	if (!pos)
		return kernfs_leftmost_descendant(root);

	/* if we visited @root, we're done */
	if (pos == root)
		return NULL;

	/* if there's an unvisited sibling, visit its leftmost descendant */
	rbn = rb_next(&pos->rb);
	if (rbn)
		return kernfs_leftmost_descendant(rb_to_kn(rbn));

	/* no sibling left, visit parent */
	return pos->parent;
}

static void __kernfs_remove(struct kernfs_addrm_cxt *acxt,
			    struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct kernfs_node *pos;

	lockdep_assert_held(&kernfs_mutex);

	if (!kn)
		return;

	pr_debug("kernfs %s: removing\n", kn->name);

	/* disable lookup and node creation under @kn */
	pos = NULL;
	while ((pos = kernfs_next_descendant_post(pos, kn)))
		pos->flags |= KERNFS_REMOVED;

	/* deactivate and unlink the subtree node-by-node */
	do {
		pos = kernfs_leftmost_descendant(kn);

		/*
		 * kernfs_deactivate() drops kernfs_mutex temporarily and
		 * @pos's base ref could have been put by someone else by
		 * the time the function returns.  Make sure it doesn't go
		 * away underneath us.
		 */
		kernfs_get(pos);

		kernfs_deactivate(pos);

		/*
		 * kernfs_unlink_sibling() succeeds once per node.  Use it
		 * to decide who's responsible for cleanups.
		 */
		if (!pos->parent || kernfs_unlink_sibling(pos)) {
			struct kernfs_iattrs *ps_iattr =
				pos->parent ? pos->parent->iattr : NULL;

			/* update timestamps on the parent */
			if (ps_iattr) {
				ps_iattr->ia_iattr.ia_ctime = CURRENT_TIME;
				ps_iattr->ia_iattr.ia_mtime = CURRENT_TIME;
			}

			pos->u.removed_list = acxt->removed;
			acxt->removed = pos;
		}

		kernfs_put(pos);
	} while (pos != kn);
}

/**
 * kernfs_remove - remove a kernfs_node recursively
 * @kn: the kernfs_node to remove
 *
 * Remove @kn along with all its subdirectories and files.
 */
void kernfs_remove(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	struct kernfs_addrm_cxt acxt;

	kernfs_addrm_start(&acxt);
	__kernfs_remove(&acxt, kn);
	kernfs_addrm_finish(&acxt);
}

/**
 * kernfs_remove_by_name_ns - find a kernfs_node by name and remove it
 * @parent: parent of the target
 * @name: name of the kernfs_node to remove
 * @ns: namespace tag of the kernfs_node to remove
 *
 * Look for the kernfs_node with @name and @ns under @parent and remove it.
 * Returns 0 on success, -ENOENT if such entry doesn't exist.
 */
int kernfs_remove_by_name_ns(struct kernfs_node *parent, const char *name,
			     const void *ns)
{
	struct kernfs_addrm_cxt acxt;
	struct kernfs_node *kn;

	if (!parent) {
		WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "kernfs: can not remove '%s', no directory\n",
			name);
		return -ENOENT;
	}

	kernfs_addrm_start(&acxt);

	kn = kernfs_find_ns(parent, name, ns);
	if (kn)
		__kernfs_remove(&acxt, kn);

	kernfs_addrm_finish(&acxt);

	if (kn)
		return 0;
	else
		return -ENOENT;
}

/**
 * kernfs_rename_ns - move and rename a kernfs_node
 * @kn: target node
 * @new_parent: new parent to put @sd under
 * @new_name: new name
 * @new_ns: new namespace tag
 */
int kernfs_rename_ns(struct kernfs_node *kn, struct kernfs_node *new_parent,
		     const char *new_name, const void *new_ns)
{
	int error;

	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

	error = -ENOENT;
	if ((kn->flags | new_parent->flags) & KERNFS_REMOVED)
		goto out;

	error = 0;
	if ((kn->parent == new_parent) && (kn->ns == new_ns) &&
	    (strcmp(kn->name, new_name) == 0))
		goto out;	/* nothing to rename */

	error = -EEXIST;
	if (kernfs_find_ns(new_parent, new_name, new_ns))
		goto out;

	/* rename kernfs_node */
	if (strcmp(kn->name, new_name) != 0) {
		error = -ENOMEM;
		new_name = kstrdup(new_name, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!new_name)
			goto out;

		if (kn->flags & KERNFS_STATIC_NAME)
			kn->flags &= ~KERNFS_STATIC_NAME;
		else
			kfree(kn->name);

		kn->name = new_name;
	}

	/*
	 * Move to the appropriate place in the appropriate directories rbtree.
	 */
	kernfs_unlink_sibling(kn);
	kernfs_get(new_parent);
	kernfs_put(kn->parent);
	kn->ns = new_ns;
	kn->hash = kernfs_name_hash(kn->name, kn->ns);
	kn->parent = new_parent;
	kernfs_link_sibling(kn);

	error = 0;
 out:
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
	return error;
}

/* Relationship between s_mode and the DT_xxx types */
static inline unsigned char dt_type(struct kernfs_node *kn)
{
	return (kn->mode >> 12) & 15;
}

static int kernfs_dir_fop_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
	kernfs_put(filp->private_data);
	return 0;
}

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_dir_pos(const void *ns,
	struct kernfs_node *parent, loff_t hash, struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
	if (pos) {
		int valid = !(pos->flags & KERNFS_REMOVED) &&
			pos->parent == parent && hash == pos->hash;
		kernfs_put(pos);
		if (!valid)
			pos = NULL;
	}
	if (!pos && (hash > 1) && (hash < INT_MAX)) {
		struct rb_node *node = parent->dir.children.rb_node;
		while (node) {
			pos = rb_to_kn(node);

			if (hash < pos->hash)
				node = node->rb_left;
			else if (hash > pos->hash)
				node = node->rb_right;
			else
				break;
		}
	}
	/* Skip over entries in the wrong namespace */
	while (pos && pos->ns != ns) {
		struct rb_node *node = rb_next(&pos->rb);
		if (!node)
			pos = NULL;
		else
			pos = rb_to_kn(node);
	}
	return pos;
}

static struct kernfs_node *kernfs_dir_next_pos(const void *ns,
	struct kernfs_node *parent, ino_t ino, struct kernfs_node *pos)
{
	pos = kernfs_dir_pos(ns, parent, ino, pos);
	if (pos)
		do {
			struct rb_node *node = rb_next(&pos->rb);
			if (!node)
				pos = NULL;
			else
				pos = rb_to_kn(node);
		} while (pos && pos->ns != ns);
	return pos;
}

static int kernfs_fop_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
	struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;
	struct kernfs_node *parent = dentry->d_fsdata;
	struct kernfs_node *pos = file->private_data;
	const void *ns = NULL;

	if (!dir_emit_dots(file, ctx))
		return 0;
	mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);

	if (kernfs_ns_enabled(parent))
		ns = kernfs_info(dentry->d_sb)->ns;

	for (pos = kernfs_dir_pos(ns, parent, ctx->pos, pos);
	     pos;
	     pos = kernfs_dir_next_pos(ns, parent, ctx->pos, pos)) {
		const char *name = pos->name;
		unsigned int type = dt_type(pos);
		int len = strlen(name);
		ino_t ino = pos->ino;

		ctx->pos = pos->hash;
		file->private_data = pos;
		kernfs_get(pos);

		mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
		if (!dir_emit(ctx, name, len, ino, type))
			return 0;
		mutex_lock(&kernfs_mutex);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&kernfs_mutex);
	file->private_data = NULL;
	ctx->pos = INT_MAX;
	return 0;
}

static loff_t kernfs_dir_fop_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset,
				    int whence)
{
	struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
	loff_t ret;

	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
	ret = generic_file_llseek(file, offset, whence);
	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);

	return ret;
}

const struct file_operations kernfs_dir_fops = {
	.read		= generic_read_dir,
	.iterate	= kernfs_fop_readdir,
	.release	= kernfs_dir_fop_release,
	.llseek		= kernfs_dir_fop_llseek,
};