License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 14:07:57 +00:00
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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/*
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* Slab allocator functions that are independent of the allocator strategy
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*
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* (C) 2012 Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
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*/
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#include <linux/slab.h>
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#include <linux/mm.h>
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#include <linux/poison.h>
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#include <linux/interrupt.h>
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#include <linux/memory.h>
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2018-04-05 23:20:11 +00:00
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#include <linux/cache.h>
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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#include <linux/compiler.h>
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2021-02-26 01:19:11 +00:00
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#include <linux/kfence.h>
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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#include <linux/module.h>
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2012-07-06 20:25:13 +00:00
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#include <linux/cpu.h>
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#include <linux/uaccess.h>
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2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
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#include <linux/seq_file.h>
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2023-06-12 15:31:48 +00:00
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#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
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2023-06-12 15:32:00 +00:00
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#include <linux/swiotlb.h>
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2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
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#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
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2019-07-12 03:56:38 +00:00
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#include <linux/debugfs.h>
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2020-12-22 20:03:31 +00:00
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#include <linux/kasan.h>
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
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#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
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#include <asm/page.h>
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2012-12-18 22:22:34 +00:00
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#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
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2021-07-08 01:07:47 +00:00
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#include <linux/stackdepot.h>
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2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
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2020-08-07 06:18:28 +00:00
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#include "internal.h"
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2012-07-06 20:25:11 +00:00
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#include "slab.h"
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2022-06-03 03:21:49 +00:00
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#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
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#include <trace/events/kmem.h>
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2012-07-06 20:25:11 +00:00
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enum slab_state slab_state;
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2012-07-06 20:25:12 +00:00
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LIST_HEAD(slab_caches);
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DEFINE_MUTEX(slab_mutex);
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2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
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struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache;
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2012-07-06 20:25:11 +00:00
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2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
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static LIST_HEAD(slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy);
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static void slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_workfn(struct work_struct *work);
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static DECLARE_WORK(slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_work,
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slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_workfn);
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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/*
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* Set of flags that will prevent slab merging
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*/
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#define SLAB_NEVER_MERGE (SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON | SLAB_STORE_USER | \
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2017-01-18 10:53:44 +00:00
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SLAB_TRACE | SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU | SLAB_NOLEAKTRACE | \
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mm/slab: introduce kmem_cache flag SLAB_NO_MERGE
Allow API users of kmem_cache_create to specify that they don't want
any slab merge or aliasing (with similar sized objects). Use this in
kfence_test.
The SKB (sk_buff) kmem_cache slab is critical for network performance.
Network stack uses kmem_cache_{alloc,free}_bulk APIs to gain
performance by amortising the alloc/free cost.
For the bulk API to perform efficiently the slub fragmentation need to
be low. Especially for the SLUB allocator, the efficiency of bulk free
API depend on objects belonging to the same slab (page).
When running different network performance microbenchmarks, I started
to notice that performance was reduced (slightly) when machines had
longer uptimes. I believe the cause was 'skbuff_head_cache' got
aliased/merged into the general slub for 256 bytes sized objects (with
my kernel config, without CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY).
For SKB kmem_cache network stack have reasons for not merging, but it
varies depending on kernel config (e.g. CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY).
We want to explicitly set SLAB_NO_MERGE for this kmem_cache.
Another use case for the flag has been described by David Sterba [1]:
> This can be used for more fine grained control over the caches or for
> debugging builds where separate slabs can verify that no objects leak.
> The slab_nomerge boot option is too coarse and would need to be
> enabled on all testing hosts. There are some other ways how to disable
> merging, e.g. a slab constructor but this disables poisoning besides
> that it adds additional overhead. Other flags are internal and may
> have other semantics.
> A concrete example what motivates the flag. During 'btrfs balance'
> slab top reported huge increase in caches like
> 1330095 1330095 100% 0.10K 34105 39 136420K Acpi-ParseExt
> 1734684 1734684 100% 0.14K 61953 28 247812K pid_namespace
> 8244036 6873075 83% 0.11K 229001 36 916004K khugepaged_mm_slot
> which was confusing and that it's because of slab merging was not the
> first idea. After rebooting with slab_nomerge all the caches were
> from btrfs_ namespace as expected.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230524101748.30714-1-dsterba@suse.com/
[ vbabka@suse.cz: rename to SLAB_NO_MERGE, change the flag value to the
one proposed by David so it does not collide with internal SLAB/SLUB
flags, write a comment for the flag, expand changelog, drop the skbuff
part to be handled spearately ]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/167396280045.539803.7540459812377220500.stgit@firesoul/
Reported-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
2023-01-17 13:40:00 +00:00
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SLAB_FAILSLAB | SLAB_NO_MERGE | kasan_never_merge())
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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2016-01-14 23:18:15 +00:00
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#define SLAB_MERGE_SAME (SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT | SLAB_CACHE_DMA | \
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mm: add support for kmem caches in DMA32 zone
Patch series "iommu/io-pgtable-arm-v7s: Use DMA32 zone for page tables",
v6.
This is a followup to the discussion in [1], [2].
IOMMUs using ARMv7 short-descriptor format require page tables (level 1
and 2) to be allocated within the first 4GB of RAM, even on 64-bit
systems.
For L1 tables that are bigger than a page, we can just use
__get_free_pages with GFP_DMA32 (on arm64 systems only, arm would still
use GFP_DMA).
For L2 tables that only take 1KB, it would be a waste to allocate a full
page, so we considered 3 approaches:
1. This series, adding support for GFP_DMA32 slab caches.
2. genalloc, which requires pre-allocating the maximum number of L2 page
tables (4096, so 4MB of memory).
3. page_frag, which is not very memory-efficient as it is unable to reuse
freed fragments until the whole page is freed. [3]
This series is the most memory-efficient approach.
stable@ note:
We confirmed that this is a regression, and IOMMU errors happen on 4.19
and linux-next/master on MT8173 (elm, Acer Chromebook R13). The issue
most likely starts from commit ad67f5a6545f ("arm64: replace ZONE_DMA
with ZONE_DMA32"), i.e. 4.15, and presumably breaks a number of Mediatek
platforms (and maybe others?).
[1] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/iommu/2018-November/030876.html
[2] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/iommu/2018-December/031696.html
[3] https://patchwork.codeaurora.org/patch/671639/
This patch (of 3):
IOMMUs using ARMv7 short-descriptor format require page tables to be
allocated within the first 4GB of RAM, even on 64-bit systems. On arm64,
this is done by passing GFP_DMA32 flag to memory allocation functions.
For IOMMU L2 tables that only take 1KB, it would be a waste to allocate
a full page using get_free_pages, so we considered 3 approaches:
1. This patch, adding support for GFP_DMA32 slab caches.
2. genalloc, which requires pre-allocating the maximum number of L2
page tables (4096, so 4MB of memory).
3. page_frag, which is not very memory-efficient as it is unable
to reuse freed fragments until the whole page is freed.
This change makes it possible to create a custom cache in DMA32 zone using
kmem_cache_create, then allocate memory using kmem_cache_alloc.
We do not create a DMA32 kmalloc cache array, as there are currently no
users of kmalloc(..., GFP_DMA32). These calls will continue to trigger a
warning, as we keep GFP_DMA32 in GFP_SLAB_BUG_MASK.
This implies that calls to kmem_cache_*alloc on a SLAB_CACHE_DMA32
kmem_cache must _not_ use GFP_DMA32 (it is anyway redundant and
unnecessary).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181210011504.122604-2-drinkcat@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Boichat <drinkcat@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Robin Murphy <robin.murphy@arm.com>
Cc: Joerg Roedel <joro@8bytes.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Sasha Levin <Alexander.Levin@microsoft.com>
Cc: Huaisheng Ye <yehs1@lenovo.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Yong Wu <yong.wu@mediatek.com>
Cc: Matthias Brugger <matthias.bgg@gmail.com>
Cc: Tomasz Figa <tfiga@google.com>
Cc: Yingjoe Chen <yingjoe.chen@mediatek.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Hsin-Yi Wang <hsinyi@chromium.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-03-29 03:43:42 +00:00
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SLAB_CACHE_DMA32 | SLAB_ACCOUNT)
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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/*
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* Merge control. If this is set then no merging of slab caches will occur.
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*/
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2017-07-06 22:36:40 +00:00
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static bool slab_nomerge = !IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SLAB_MERGE_DEFAULT);
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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static int __init setup_slab_nomerge(char *str)
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{
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2017-07-06 22:36:40 +00:00
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slab_nomerge = true;
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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return 1;
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}
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2021-04-30 05:54:39 +00:00
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static int __init setup_slab_merge(char *str)
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{
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slab_nomerge = false;
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return 1;
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}
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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#ifdef CONFIG_SLUB
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__setup_param("slub_nomerge", slub_nomerge, setup_slab_nomerge, 0);
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2021-04-30 05:54:39 +00:00
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__setup_param("slub_merge", slub_merge, setup_slab_merge, 0);
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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#endif
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__setup("slab_nomerge", setup_slab_nomerge);
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2021-04-30 05:54:39 +00:00
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__setup("slab_merge", setup_slab_merge);
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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2014-10-09 22:26:00 +00:00
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/*
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* Determine the size of a slab object
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*/
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unsigned int kmem_cache_size(struct kmem_cache *s)
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{
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return s->object_size;
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}
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EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_size);
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2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
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#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
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2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
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static int kmem_cache_sanity_check(const char *name, unsigned int size)
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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{
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2021-06-16 01:23:22 +00:00
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if (!name || in_interrupt() || size > KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE) {
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2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
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pr_err("kmem_cache_create(%s) integrity check failed\n", name);
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return -EINVAL;
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2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
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}
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2012-08-16 07:12:18 +00:00
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2012-07-06 20:25:13 +00:00
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WARN_ON(strchr(name, ' ')); /* It confuses parsers */
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2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
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return 0;
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}
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#else
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2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
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static inline int kmem_cache_sanity_check(const char *name, unsigned int size)
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2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
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{
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return 0;
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}
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2012-07-06 20:25:13 +00:00
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#endif
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2018-02-01 00:15:36 +00:00
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/*
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* Figure out what the alignment of the objects will be given a set of
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* flags, a user specified alignment and the size of the objects.
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*/
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2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
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static unsigned int calculate_alignment(slab_flags_t flags,
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unsigned int align, unsigned int size)
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2018-02-01 00:15:36 +00:00
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{
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/*
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* If the user wants hardware cache aligned objects then follow that
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* suggestion if the object is sufficiently large.
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*
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* The hardware cache alignment cannot override the specified
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* alignment though. If that is greater then use it.
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*/
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if (flags & SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN) {
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2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
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unsigned int ralign;
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2018-02-01 00:15:36 +00:00
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ralign = cache_line_size();
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while (size <= ralign / 2)
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ralign /= 2;
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align = max(align, ralign);
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}
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2022-05-10 01:20:53 +00:00
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align = max(align, arch_slab_minalign());
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2018-02-01 00:15:36 +00:00
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return ALIGN(align, sizeof(void *));
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}
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2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
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/*
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* Find a mergeable slab cache
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*/
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int slab_unmergeable(struct kmem_cache *s)
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{
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if (slab_nomerge || (s->flags & SLAB_NEVER_MERGE))
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return 1;
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if (s->ctor)
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|
|
return 1;
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
if (s->usersize)
|
|
|
|
return 1;
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* We may have set a slab to be unmergeable during bootstrap.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (s->refcount < 0)
|
|
|
|
return 1;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *find_mergeable(unsigned int size, unsigned int align,
|
2017-11-16 01:32:18 +00:00
|
|
|
slab_flags_t flags, const char *name, void (*ctor)(void *))
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s;
|
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:40:59 +00:00
|
|
|
if (slab_nomerge)
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (ctor)
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
size = ALIGN(size, sizeof(void *));
|
|
|
|
align = calculate_alignment(flags, align, size);
|
|
|
|
size = ALIGN(size, align);
|
2021-02-24 20:00:58 +00:00
|
|
|
flags = kmem_cache_flags(size, flags, name);
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:40:59 +00:00
|
|
|
if (flags & SLAB_NEVER_MERGE)
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
|
2020-08-07 06:21:20 +00:00
|
|
|
list_for_each_entry_reverse(s, &slab_caches, list) {
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
if (slab_unmergeable(s))
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (size > s->size)
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if ((flags & SLAB_MERGE_SAME) != (s->flags & SLAB_MERGE_SAME))
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Check if alignment is compatible.
|
|
|
|
* Courtesy of Adrian Drzewiecki
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if ((s->size & ~(align - 1)) != s->size)
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (s->size - size >= sizeof(void *))
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
mm/slab: fix unalignment problem on Malta with EVA due to slab merge
Unlike SLUB, sometimes, object isn't started at the beginning of the
slab in SLAB. This causes the unalignment problem after slab merging is
supported by commit 12220dea07f1 ("mm/slab: support slab merge").
Following is the report from Markos that fail to boot on Malta with EVA.
Calibrating delay loop... 19.86 BogoMIPS (lpj=99328)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 0, 16384 bytes)
Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 0, 16384 bytes)
Kernel bug detected[#1]:
CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.17.0-05639-g12220dea07f1 #1631
task: 1f04f5d8 ti: 1f050000 task.ti: 1f050000
epc : 80141190 alloc_unbound_pwq+0x234/0x304
Not tainted
ra : 80141184 alloc_unbound_pwq+0x228/0x304
Process swapper/0 (pid: 1, threadinfo=1f050000, task=1f04f5d8, tls=00000000)
Call Trace:
alloc_unbound_pwq+0x234/0x304
apply_workqueue_attrs+0x11c/0x294
__alloc_workqueue_key+0x23c/0x470
init_workqueues+0x320/0x400
do_one_initcall+0xe8/0x23c
kernel_init_freeable+0x9c/0x224
kernel_init+0x10/0x100
ret_from_kernel_thread+0x14/0x1c
[ end trace cb88537fdc8fa200 ]
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x0000000b
alloc_unbound_pwq() allocates slab object from pool_workqueue. This
kmem_cache requires 256 bytes alignment, but, current merging code
doesn't honor that, and merge it with kmalloc-256. kmalloc-256 requires
only cacheline size alignment so that above failure occurs. However, in
x86, kmalloc-256 is luckily aligned in 256 bytes, so the problem didn't
happen on it.
To fix this problem, this patch introduces alignment mismatch check in
find_mergeable(). This will fix the problem.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reported-by: Markos Chandras <Markos.Chandras@imgtec.com>
Tested-by: Markos Chandras <Markos.Chandras@imgtec.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-11-13 23:19:25 +00:00
|
|
|
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SLAB) && align &&
|
|
|
|
(align > s->align || s->align % align))
|
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
2014-10-09 22:26:22 +00:00
|
|
|
return s;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2015-11-06 02:45:08 +00:00
|
|
|
static struct kmem_cache *create_cache(const char *name,
|
2018-04-05 23:21:50 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int object_size, unsigned int align,
|
2018-04-05 23:21:31 +00:00
|
|
|
slab_flags_t flags, unsigned int useroffset,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int usersize, void (*ctor)(void *),
|
2020-08-07 06:21:10 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *root_cache)
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s;
|
|
|
|
int err;
|
|
|
|
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON(useroffset + usersize > object_size))
|
|
|
|
useroffset = usersize = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
err = -ENOMEM;
|
|
|
|
s = kmem_cache_zalloc(kmem_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
|
|
|
|
if (!s)
|
|
|
|
goto out;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s->name = name;
|
2018-04-05 23:21:50 +00:00
|
|
|
s->size = s->object_size = object_size;
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
s->align = align;
|
|
|
|
s->ctor = ctor;
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
s->useroffset = useroffset;
|
|
|
|
s->usersize = usersize;
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
err = __kmem_cache_create(s, flags);
|
|
|
|
if (err)
|
|
|
|
goto out_free_cache;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s->refcount = 1;
|
|
|
|
list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches);
|
|
|
|
return s;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
out_free_cache:
|
2015-02-10 22:09:40 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_free(kmem_cache, s);
|
2023-06-06 06:55:43 +00:00
|
|
|
out:
|
|
|
|
return ERR_PTR(err);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2012-11-28 16:23:16 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-12-06 21:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kmem_cache_create_usercopy - Create a cache with a region suitable
|
|
|
|
* for copying to userspace
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
* @name: A string which is used in /proc/slabinfo to identify this cache.
|
|
|
|
* @size: The size of objects to be created in this cache.
|
|
|
|
* @align: The required alignment for the objects.
|
|
|
|
* @flags: SLAB flags
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
* @useroffset: Usercopy region offset
|
|
|
|
* @usersize: Usercopy region size
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
* @ctor: A constructor for the objects.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Cannot be called within a interrupt, but can be interrupted.
|
|
|
|
* The @ctor is run when new pages are allocated by the cache.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* The flags are
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* %SLAB_POISON - Poison the slab with a known test pattern (a5a5a5a5)
|
|
|
|
* to catch references to uninitialised memory.
|
|
|
|
*
|
2018-12-06 21:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
* %SLAB_RED_ZONE - Insert `Red` zones around the allocated memory to check
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
* for buffer overruns.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* %SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN - Align the objects in this cache to a hardware
|
|
|
|
* cacheline. This can be beneficial if you're counting cycles as closely
|
|
|
|
* as davem.
|
2018-12-06 21:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Return: a pointer to the cache on success, NULL on failure.
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
2012-12-18 22:22:34 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *
|
2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_create_usercopy(const char *name,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int size, unsigned int align,
|
2018-04-05 23:21:31 +00:00
|
|
|
slab_flags_t flags,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int useroffset, unsigned int usersize,
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
void (*ctor)(void *))
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2015-11-06 02:45:43 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s = NULL;
|
2015-02-13 22:36:38 +00:00
|
|
|
const char *cache_name;
|
2014-01-23 23:52:55 +00:00
|
|
|
int err;
|
2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2021-05-15 00:27:10 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* If no slub_debug was enabled globally, the static key is not yet
|
|
|
|
* enabled by setup_slub_debug(). Enable it if the cache is being
|
|
|
|
* created with any of the debugging flags passed explicitly.
|
2021-07-08 01:07:47 +00:00
|
|
|
* It's also possible that this is the first cache created with
|
|
|
|
* SLAB_STORE_USER and we should init stack_depot for it.
|
2021-05-15 00:27:10 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (flags & SLAB_DEBUG_FLAGS)
|
|
|
|
static_branch_enable(&slub_debug_enabled);
|
2021-07-08 01:07:47 +00:00
|
|
|
if (flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
|
|
|
|
stack_depot_init();
|
2021-05-15 00:27:10 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2012-08-16 07:09:46 +00:00
|
|
|
mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
err = kmem_cache_sanity_check(name, size);
|
2014-10-09 22:25:58 +00:00
|
|
|
if (err) {
|
2014-01-23 23:52:55 +00:00
|
|
|
goto out_unlock;
|
2014-10-09 22:25:58 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2016-12-13 00:41:38 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Refuse requests with allocator specific flags */
|
|
|
|
if (flags & ~SLAB_FLAGS_PERMITTED) {
|
|
|
|
err = -EINVAL;
|
|
|
|
goto out_unlock;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2012-10-17 11:36:51 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Some allocators will constraint the set of valid flags to a subset
|
|
|
|
* of all flags. We expect them to define CACHE_CREATE_MASK in this
|
|
|
|
* case, and we'll just provide them with a sanitized version of the
|
|
|
|
* passed flags.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
flags &= CACHE_CREATE_MASK;
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Fail closed on bad usersize of useroffset values. */
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY) ||
|
|
|
|
WARN_ON(!usersize && useroffset) ||
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
WARN_ON(size < usersize || size - usersize < useroffset))
|
|
|
|
usersize = useroffset = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (!usersize)
|
|
|
|
s = __kmem_cache_alias(name, size, align, flags, ctor);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
if (s)
|
2014-01-23 23:52:55 +00:00
|
|
|
goto out_unlock;
|
2012-12-18 22:22:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2015-02-13 22:36:38 +00:00
|
|
|
cache_name = kstrdup_const(name, GFP_KERNEL);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
if (!cache_name) {
|
|
|
|
err = -ENOMEM;
|
|
|
|
goto out_unlock;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2012-09-04 23:38:33 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-04-05 23:21:50 +00:00
|
|
|
s = create_cache(cache_name, size,
|
2015-11-06 02:45:08 +00:00
|
|
|
calculate_alignment(flags, align, size),
|
2020-08-07 06:21:10 +00:00
|
|
|
flags, useroffset, usersize, ctor, NULL);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
if (IS_ERR(s)) {
|
|
|
|
err = PTR_ERR(s);
|
2015-02-13 22:36:38 +00:00
|
|
|
kfree_const(cache_name);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2014-01-23 23:52:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
out_unlock:
|
2012-07-06 20:25:13 +00:00
|
|
|
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
|
slab: get_online_mems for kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink}
When we create a sl[au]b cache, we allocate kmem_cache_node structures
for each online NUMA node. To handle nodes taken online/offline, we
register memory hotplug notifier and allocate/free kmem_cache_node
corresponding to the node that changes its state for each kmem cache.
To synchronize between the two paths we hold the slab_mutex during both
the cache creationg/destruction path and while tuning per-node parts of
kmem caches in memory hotplug handler, but that's not quite right,
because it does not guarantee that a newly created cache will have all
kmem_cache_nodes initialized in case it races with memory hotplug. For
instance, in case of slub:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
kmem_cache_create: online_pages:
__kmem_cache_create: slab_memory_callback:
slab_mem_going_online_callback:
lock slab_mutex
for each slab_caches list entry
allocate kmem_cache node
unlock slab_mutex
lock slab_mutex
init_kmem_cache_nodes:
for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY)
allocate kmem_cache node
add kmem_cache to slab_caches list
unlock slab_mutex
online_pages (continued):
node_states_set_node
As a result we'll get a kmem cache with not all kmem_cache_nodes
allocated.
To avoid issues like that we should hold get/put_online_mems() during
the whole kmem cache creation/destruction/shrink paths, just like we
deal with cpu hotplug. This patch does the trick.
Note, that after it's applied, there is no need in taking the slab_mutex
for kmem_cache_shrink any more, so it is removed from there.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-04 23:07:20 +00:00
|
|
|
|
slab: fix wrong retval on kmem_cache_create_memcg error path
On kmem_cache_create_memcg() error path we set 'err', but leave 's' (the
new cache ptr) undefined. The latter can be NULL if we could not
allocate the cache, or pointing to a freed area if we failed somewhere
later while trying to initialize it. Initially we checked 'err'
immediately before exiting the function and returned NULL if it was set
ignoring the value of 's':
out_unlock:
...
if (err) {
/* report error */
return NULL;
}
return s;
Recently this check was, in fact, broken by commit f717eb3abb5e ("slab:
do not panic if we fail to create memcg cache"), which turned it to:
out_unlock:
...
if (err && !memcg) {
/* report error */
return NULL;
}
return s;
As a result, if we are failing creating a cache for a memcg, we will
skip the check and return 's' that can contain crap. Obviously, commit
f717eb3abb5e intended not to return crap on error allocating a cache for
a memcg, but only to remove the error reporting in this case, so the
check should look like this:
out_unlock:
...
if (err) {
if (!memcg)
return NULL;
/* report error */
return NULL;
}
return s;
[rientjes@google.com: despaghettification]
[vdavydov@parallels.com: patch monkeying]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-29 22:05:48 +00:00
|
|
|
if (err) {
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
if (flags & SLAB_PANIC)
|
2021-06-29 02:34:27 +00:00
|
|
|
panic("%s: Failed to create slab '%s'. Error %d\n",
|
|
|
|
__func__, name, err);
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
else {
|
2021-06-29 02:34:27 +00:00
|
|
|
pr_warn("%s(%s) failed with error %d\n",
|
|
|
|
__func__, name, err);
|
2012-09-05 00:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
dump_stack();
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2012-07-06 20:25:10 +00:00
|
|
|
return s;
|
|
|
|
}
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_create_usercopy);
|
|
|
|
|
2018-12-06 21:13:00 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kmem_cache_create - Create a cache.
|
|
|
|
* @name: A string which is used in /proc/slabinfo to identify this cache.
|
|
|
|
* @size: The size of objects to be created in this cache.
|
|
|
|
* @align: The required alignment for the objects.
|
|
|
|
* @flags: SLAB flags
|
|
|
|
* @ctor: A constructor for the objects.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Cannot be called within a interrupt, but can be interrupted.
|
|
|
|
* The @ctor is run when new pages are allocated by the cache.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* The flags are
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* %SLAB_POISON - Poison the slab with a known test pattern (a5a5a5a5)
|
|
|
|
* to catch references to uninitialised memory.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* %SLAB_RED_ZONE - Insert `Red` zones around the allocated memory to check
|
|
|
|
* for buffer overruns.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* %SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN - Align the objects in this cache to a hardware
|
|
|
|
* cacheline. This can be beneficial if you're counting cycles as closely
|
|
|
|
* as davem.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Return: a pointer to the cache on success, NULL on failure.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *
|
2018-04-05 23:20:37 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_create(const char *name, unsigned int size, unsigned int align,
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
slab_flags_t flags, void (*ctor)(void *))
|
|
|
|
{
|
2017-06-14 23:12:04 +00:00
|
|
|
return kmem_cache_create_usercopy(name, size, align, flags, 0, 0,
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
ctor);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2014-04-07 22:39:26 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_create);
|
2012-12-18 22:22:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-12 18:30:33 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef SLAB_SUPPORTS_SYSFS
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* For a given kmem_cache, kmem_cache_destroy() should only be called
|
|
|
|
* once or there will be a use-after-free problem. The actual deletion
|
|
|
|
* and release of the kobject does not need slab_mutex or cpu_hotplug_lock
|
|
|
|
* protection. So they are now done without holding those locks.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Note that there will be a slight delay in the deletion of sysfs files
|
|
|
|
* if kmem_cache_release() is called indrectly from a work function.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
static void kmem_cache_release(struct kmem_cache *s)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
sysfs_slab_unlink(s);
|
|
|
|
sysfs_slab_release(s);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
#else
|
|
|
|
static void kmem_cache_release(struct kmem_cache *s)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
slab_kmem_cache_release(s);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
static void slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_workfn(struct work_struct *work)
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
LIST_HEAD(to_destroy);
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s, *s2;
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
2017-01-18 10:53:44 +00:00
|
|
|
* On destruction, SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU kmem_caches are put on the
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
* @slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy list. The slab pages are freed
|
2020-08-12 01:33:19 +00:00
|
|
|
* through RCU and the associated kmem_cache are dereferenced
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
* while freeing the pages, so the kmem_caches should be freed only
|
|
|
|
* after the pending RCU operations are finished. As rcu_barrier()
|
|
|
|
* is a pretty slow operation, we batch all pending destructions
|
|
|
|
* asynchronously.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
|
|
|
|
list_splice_init(&slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy, &to_destroy);
|
|
|
|
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
if (list_empty(&to_destroy))
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rcu_barrier();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
list_for_each_entry_safe(s, s2, &to_destroy, list) {
|
2021-06-29 02:34:55 +00:00
|
|
|
debugfs_slab_release(s);
|
2021-02-26 01:19:11 +00:00
|
|
|
kfence_shutdown_cache(s);
|
2022-08-12 18:30:33 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_release(s);
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
static int shutdown_cache(struct kmem_cache *s)
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2017-02-24 23:00:05 +00:00
|
|
|
/* free asan quarantined objects */
|
|
|
|
kasan_cache_shutdown(s);
|
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
if (__kmem_cache_shutdown(s) != 0)
|
|
|
|
return -EBUSY;
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
list_del(&s->list);
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-01-18 10:53:44 +00:00
|
|
|
if (s->flags & SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU) {
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
list_add_tail(&s->list, &slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy);
|
|
|
|
schedule_work(&slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_work);
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
2021-02-26 01:19:11 +00:00
|
|
|
kfence_shutdown_cache(s);
|
2021-06-29 02:34:55 +00:00
|
|
|
debugfs_slab_release(s);
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2017-02-22 23:41:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
memcg: zap memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex
mem_cgroup->memcg_slab_caches is a list of kmem caches corresponding to
the given cgroup. Currently, it is only used on css free in order to
destroy all caches corresponding to the memory cgroup being freed. The
list is protected by memcg_slab_mutex. The mutex is also used to protect
kmem_cache->memcg_params->memcg_caches arrays and synchronizes
kmem_cache_destroy vs memcg_unregister_all_caches.
However, we can perfectly get on without these two. To destroy all caches
corresponding to a memory cgroup, we can walk over the global list of kmem
caches, slab_caches, and we can do all the synchronization stuff using the
slab_mutex instead of the memcg_slab_mutex. This patch therefore gets rid
of the memcg_slab_caches and memcg_slab_mutex.
Apart from this nice cleanup, it also:
- assures that rcu_barrier() is called once at max when a root cache is
destroyed or a memory cgroup is freed, no matter how many caches have
SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU flag set;
- fixes the race between kmem_cache_destroy and kmem_cache_create that
exists, because memcg_cleanup_cache_params, which is called from
kmem_cache_destroy after checking that kmem_cache->refcount=0,
releases the slab_mutex, which gives kmem_cache_create a chance to
make an alias to a cache doomed to be destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-02-10 22:11:47 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2014-05-06 19:50:08 +00:00
|
|
|
void slab_kmem_cache_release(struct kmem_cache *s)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2016-02-17 21:11:37 +00:00
|
|
|
__kmem_cache_release(s);
|
2015-02-13 22:36:38 +00:00
|
|
|
kfree_const(s->name);
|
2014-05-06 19:50:08 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_free(kmem_cache, s);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2012-09-04 23:18:33 +00:00
|
|
|
void kmem_cache_destroy(struct kmem_cache *s)
|
|
|
|
{
|
mm/slab_common: fix slab_caches list corruption after kmem_cache_destroy()
After the commit in Fixes:, if a module that created a slab cache does not
release all of its allocated objects before destroying the cache (at rmmod
time), we might end up releasing the kmem_cache object without removing it
from the slab_caches list thus corrupting the list as kmem_cache_destroy()
ignores the return value from shutdown_cache(), which in turn never removes
the kmem_cache object from slabs_list in case __kmem_cache_shutdown() fails
to release all of the cache's slabs.
This is easily observable on a kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST=y
as after that ill release the system will immediately trip on list_add,
or list_del, assertions similar to the one shown below as soon as another
kmem_cache gets created, or destroyed:
[ 1041.213632] list_del corruption. next->prev should be ffff89f596fb5768, but was 52f1e5016aeee75d. (next=ffff89f595a1b268)
[ 1041.219165] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 1041.221517] kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:62!
[ 1041.223452] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 1041.225408] CPU: 2 PID: 1852 Comm: rmmod Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 1041.228244] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 1041.231212] RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid+0xae/0xb0
Another quick way to trigger this issue, in a kernel with CONFIG_SLUB=y,
is to set slub_debug to poison the released objects and then just run
cat /proc/slabinfo after removing the module that leaks slab objects,
in which case the kernel will panic:
[ 50.954843] general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xa56b6b6b6b6b6b8b: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 50.961545] CPU: 2 PID: 1495 Comm: cat Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 50.966808] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 50.972663] RIP: 0010:get_slabinfo+0x42/0xf0
This patch fixes this issue by properly checking shutdown_cache()'s
return value before taking the kmem_cache_release() branch.
Fixes: 0495e337b703 ("mm/slab_common: Deleting kobject in kmem_cache_destroy() without holding slab_mutex/cpu_hotplug_lock")
Signed-off-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-09-08 23:06:49 +00:00
|
|
|
int err = -EBUSY;
|
2022-09-19 03:12:41 +00:00
|
|
|
bool rcu_set;
|
2022-08-12 18:30:33 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-01-14 22:04:54 +00:00
|
|
|
if (unlikely(!s) || !kasan_check_byte(s))
|
2015-09-08 22:00:50 +00:00
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
2021-02-26 16:11:55 +00:00
|
|
|
cpus_read_lock();
|
2012-09-04 23:18:33 +00:00
|
|
|
mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:28 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-19 03:12:41 +00:00
|
|
|
rcu_set = s->flags & SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU;
|
|
|
|
|
mm/slab_common: fix slab_caches list corruption after kmem_cache_destroy()
After the commit in Fixes:, if a module that created a slab cache does not
release all of its allocated objects before destroying the cache (at rmmod
time), we might end up releasing the kmem_cache object without removing it
from the slab_caches list thus corrupting the list as kmem_cache_destroy()
ignores the return value from shutdown_cache(), which in turn never removes
the kmem_cache object from slabs_list in case __kmem_cache_shutdown() fails
to release all of the cache's slabs.
This is easily observable on a kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST=y
as after that ill release the system will immediately trip on list_add,
or list_del, assertions similar to the one shown below as soon as another
kmem_cache gets created, or destroyed:
[ 1041.213632] list_del corruption. next->prev should be ffff89f596fb5768, but was 52f1e5016aeee75d. (next=ffff89f595a1b268)
[ 1041.219165] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 1041.221517] kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:62!
[ 1041.223452] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 1041.225408] CPU: 2 PID: 1852 Comm: rmmod Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 1041.228244] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 1041.231212] RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid+0xae/0xb0
Another quick way to trigger this issue, in a kernel with CONFIG_SLUB=y,
is to set slub_debug to poison the released objects and then just run
cat /proc/slabinfo after removing the module that leaks slab objects,
in which case the kernel will panic:
[ 50.954843] general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xa56b6b6b6b6b6b8b: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 50.961545] CPU: 2 PID: 1495 Comm: cat Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 50.966808] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 50.972663] RIP: 0010:get_slabinfo+0x42/0xf0
This patch fixes this issue by properly checking shutdown_cache()'s
return value before taking the kmem_cache_release() branch.
Fixes: 0495e337b703 ("mm/slab_common: Deleting kobject in kmem_cache_destroy() without holding slab_mutex/cpu_hotplug_lock")
Signed-off-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-09-08 23:06:49 +00:00
|
|
|
s->refcount--;
|
|
|
|
if (s->refcount)
|
2014-04-07 22:39:28 +00:00
|
|
|
goto out_unlock;
|
|
|
|
|
mm/slab_common: fix slab_caches list corruption after kmem_cache_destroy()
After the commit in Fixes:, if a module that created a slab cache does not
release all of its allocated objects before destroying the cache (at rmmod
time), we might end up releasing the kmem_cache object without removing it
from the slab_caches list thus corrupting the list as kmem_cache_destroy()
ignores the return value from shutdown_cache(), which in turn never removes
the kmem_cache object from slabs_list in case __kmem_cache_shutdown() fails
to release all of the cache's slabs.
This is easily observable on a kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST=y
as after that ill release the system will immediately trip on list_add,
or list_del, assertions similar to the one shown below as soon as another
kmem_cache gets created, or destroyed:
[ 1041.213632] list_del corruption. next->prev should be ffff89f596fb5768, but was 52f1e5016aeee75d. (next=ffff89f595a1b268)
[ 1041.219165] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 1041.221517] kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:62!
[ 1041.223452] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 1041.225408] CPU: 2 PID: 1852 Comm: rmmod Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 1041.228244] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 1041.231212] RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid+0xae/0xb0
Another quick way to trigger this issue, in a kernel with CONFIG_SLUB=y,
is to set slub_debug to poison the released objects and then just run
cat /proc/slabinfo after removing the module that leaks slab objects,
in which case the kernel will panic:
[ 50.954843] general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xa56b6b6b6b6b6b8b: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 50.961545] CPU: 2 PID: 1495 Comm: cat Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 50.966808] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 50.972663] RIP: 0010:get_slabinfo+0x42/0xf0
This patch fixes this issue by properly checking shutdown_cache()'s
return value before taking the kmem_cache_release() branch.
Fixes: 0495e337b703 ("mm/slab_common: Deleting kobject in kmem_cache_destroy() without holding slab_mutex/cpu_hotplug_lock")
Signed-off-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-09-08 23:06:49 +00:00
|
|
|
err = shutdown_cache(s);
|
|
|
|
WARN(err, "%s %s: Slab cache still has objects when called from %pS",
|
2022-01-14 22:03:58 +00:00
|
|
|
__func__, s->name, (void *)_RET_IP_);
|
2014-04-07 22:39:28 +00:00
|
|
|
out_unlock:
|
|
|
|
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
|
2021-02-26 16:11:55 +00:00
|
|
|
cpus_read_unlock();
|
mm/slab_common: fix slab_caches list corruption after kmem_cache_destroy()
After the commit in Fixes:, if a module that created a slab cache does not
release all of its allocated objects before destroying the cache (at rmmod
time), we might end up releasing the kmem_cache object without removing it
from the slab_caches list thus corrupting the list as kmem_cache_destroy()
ignores the return value from shutdown_cache(), which in turn never removes
the kmem_cache object from slabs_list in case __kmem_cache_shutdown() fails
to release all of the cache's slabs.
This is easily observable on a kernel built with CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST=y
as after that ill release the system will immediately trip on list_add,
or list_del, assertions similar to the one shown below as soon as another
kmem_cache gets created, or destroyed:
[ 1041.213632] list_del corruption. next->prev should be ffff89f596fb5768, but was 52f1e5016aeee75d. (next=ffff89f595a1b268)
[ 1041.219165] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 1041.221517] kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:62!
[ 1041.223452] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 1041.225408] CPU: 2 PID: 1852 Comm: rmmod Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 1041.228244] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 1041.231212] RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid+0xae/0xb0
Another quick way to trigger this issue, in a kernel with CONFIG_SLUB=y,
is to set slub_debug to poison the released objects and then just run
cat /proc/slabinfo after removing the module that leaks slab objects,
in which case the kernel will panic:
[ 50.954843] general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xa56b6b6b6b6b6b8b: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
[ 50.961545] CPU: 2 PID: 1495 Comm: cat Kdump: loaded Tainted: G B W OE 6.5.0 #15
[ 50.966808] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS edk2-20230524-3.fc37 05/24/2023
[ 50.972663] RIP: 0010:get_slabinfo+0x42/0xf0
This patch fixes this issue by properly checking shutdown_cache()'s
return value before taking the kmem_cache_release() branch.
Fixes: 0495e337b703 ("mm/slab_common: Deleting kobject in kmem_cache_destroy() without holding slab_mutex/cpu_hotplug_lock")
Signed-off-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-09-08 23:06:49 +00:00
|
|
|
if (!err && !rcu_set)
|
2022-08-12 18:30:33 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_cache_release(s);
|
2012-09-04 23:18:33 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_destroy);
|
|
|
|
|
slab: get_online_mems for kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink}
When we create a sl[au]b cache, we allocate kmem_cache_node structures
for each online NUMA node. To handle nodes taken online/offline, we
register memory hotplug notifier and allocate/free kmem_cache_node
corresponding to the node that changes its state for each kmem cache.
To synchronize between the two paths we hold the slab_mutex during both
the cache creationg/destruction path and while tuning per-node parts of
kmem caches in memory hotplug handler, but that's not quite right,
because it does not guarantee that a newly created cache will have all
kmem_cache_nodes initialized in case it races with memory hotplug. For
instance, in case of slub:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
kmem_cache_create: online_pages:
__kmem_cache_create: slab_memory_callback:
slab_mem_going_online_callback:
lock slab_mutex
for each slab_caches list entry
allocate kmem_cache node
unlock slab_mutex
lock slab_mutex
init_kmem_cache_nodes:
for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY)
allocate kmem_cache node
add kmem_cache to slab_caches list
unlock slab_mutex
online_pages (continued):
node_states_set_node
As a result we'll get a kmem cache with not all kmem_cache_nodes
allocated.
To avoid issues like that we should hold get/put_online_mems() during
the whole kmem cache creation/destruction/shrink paths, just like we
deal with cpu hotplug. This patch does the trick.
Note, that after it's applied, there is no need in taking the slab_mutex
for kmem_cache_shrink any more, so it is removed from there.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-04 23:07:20 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kmem_cache_shrink - Shrink a cache.
|
|
|
|
* @cachep: The cache to shrink.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Releases as many slabs as possible for a cache.
|
|
|
|
* To help debugging, a zero exit status indicates all slabs were released.
|
2019-03-05 23:48:42 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Return: %0 if all slabs were released, non-zero otherwise
|
slab: get_online_mems for kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink}
When we create a sl[au]b cache, we allocate kmem_cache_node structures
for each online NUMA node. To handle nodes taken online/offline, we
register memory hotplug notifier and allocate/free kmem_cache_node
corresponding to the node that changes its state for each kmem cache.
To synchronize between the two paths we hold the slab_mutex during both
the cache creationg/destruction path and while tuning per-node parts of
kmem caches in memory hotplug handler, but that's not quite right,
because it does not guarantee that a newly created cache will have all
kmem_cache_nodes initialized in case it races with memory hotplug. For
instance, in case of slub:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
kmem_cache_create: online_pages:
__kmem_cache_create: slab_memory_callback:
slab_mem_going_online_callback:
lock slab_mutex
for each slab_caches list entry
allocate kmem_cache node
unlock slab_mutex
lock slab_mutex
init_kmem_cache_nodes:
for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY)
allocate kmem_cache node
add kmem_cache to slab_caches list
unlock slab_mutex
online_pages (continued):
node_states_set_node
As a result we'll get a kmem cache with not all kmem_cache_nodes
allocated.
To avoid issues like that we should hold get/put_online_mems() during
the whole kmem cache creation/destruction/shrink paths, just like we
deal with cpu hotplug. This patch does the trick.
Note, that after it's applied, there is no need in taking the slab_mutex
for kmem_cache_shrink any more, so it is removed from there.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-04 23:07:20 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache *cachep)
|
|
|
|
{
|
mm: kasan: initial memory quarantine implementation
Quarantine isolates freed objects in a separate queue. The objects are
returned to the allocator later, which helps to detect use-after-free
errors.
When the object is freed, its state changes from KASAN_STATE_ALLOC to
KASAN_STATE_QUARANTINE. The object is poisoned and put into quarantine
instead of being returned to the allocator, therefore every subsequent
access to that object triggers a KASAN error, and the error handler is
able to say where the object has been allocated and deallocated.
When it's time for the object to leave quarantine, its state becomes
KASAN_STATE_FREE and it's returned to the allocator. From now on the
allocator may reuse it for another allocation. Before that happens,
it's still possible to detect a use-after free on that object (it
retains the allocation/deallocation stacks).
When the allocator reuses this object, the shadow is unpoisoned and old
allocation/deallocation stacks are wiped. Therefore a use of this
object, even an incorrect one, won't trigger ASan warning.
Without the quarantine, it's not guaranteed that the objects aren't
reused immediately, that's why the probability of catching a
use-after-free is lower than with quarantine in place.
Quarantine isolates freed objects in a separate queue. The objects are
returned to the allocator later, which helps to detect use-after-free
errors.
Freed objects are first added to per-cpu quarantine queues. When a
cache is destroyed or memory shrinking is requested, the objects are
moved into the global quarantine queue. Whenever a kmalloc call allows
memory reclaiming, the oldest objects are popped out of the global queue
until the total size of objects in quarantine is less than 3/4 of the
maximum quarantine size (which is a fraction of installed physical
memory).
As long as an object remains in the quarantine, KASAN is able to report
accesses to it, so the chance of reporting a use-after-free is
increased. Once the object leaves quarantine, the allocator may reuse
it, in which case the object is unpoisoned and KASAN can't detect
incorrect accesses to it.
Right now quarantine support is only enabled in SLAB allocator.
Unification of KASAN features in SLAB and SLUB will be done later.
This patch is based on the "mm: kasan: quarantine" patch originally
prepared by Dmitry Chernenkov. A number of improvements have been
suggested by Andrey Ryabinin.
[glider@google.com: v9]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1462987130-144092-1-git-send-email-glider@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <adech.fo@gmail.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <ryabinin.a.a@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Konstantin Serebryany <kcc@google.com>
Cc: Dmitry Chernenkov <dmitryc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-05-20 23:59:11 +00:00
|
|
|
kasan_cache_shrink(cachep);
|
mm, slab, slub: stop taking memory hotplug lock
Since commit 03afc0e25f7f ("slab: get_online_mems for
kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink}") we are taking memory hotplug lock for
SLAB and SLUB when creating, destroying or shrinking a cache. It is quite
a heavy lock and it's best to avoid it if possible, as we had several
issues with lockdep complaining about ordering in the past, see e.g.
e4f8e513c3d3 ("mm/slub: fix a deadlock in show_slab_objects()").
The problem scenario in 03afc0e25f7f (solved by the memory hotplug lock)
can be summarized as follows: while there's slab_mutex synchronizing new
kmem cache creation and SLUB's MEM_GOING_ONLINE callback
slab_mem_going_online_callback(), we may miss creation of kmem_cache_node
for the hotplugged node in the new kmem cache, because the hotplug
callback doesn't yet see the new cache, and cache creation in
init_kmem_cache_nodes() only inits kmem_cache_node for nodes in the
N_NORMAL_MEMORY nodemask, which however may not yet include the new node,
as that happens only later after the MEM_GOING_ONLINE callback.
Instead of using get/put_online_mems(), the problem can be solved by SLUB
maintaining its own nodemask of nodes for which it has allocated the
per-node kmem_cache_node structures. This nodemask would generally mirror
the N_NORMAL_MEMORY nodemask, but would be updated only in under SLUB's
control in its memory hotplug callbacks under the slab_mutex. This patch
adds such nodemask and its handling.
Commit 03afc0e25f7f mentiones "issues like [the one above]", but there
don't appear to be further issues. All the paths (shared for SLAB and
SLUB) taking the memory hotplug locks are also taking the slab_mutex,
except kmem_cache_shrink() where 03afc0e25f7f replaced slab_mutex with
get/put_online_mems().
We however cannot simply restore slab_mutex in kmem_cache_shrink(), as
SLUB can enters the function from a write to sysfs 'shrink' file, thus
holding kernfs lock, and in kmem_cache_create() the kernfs lock is nested
within slab_mutex. But on closer inspection we don't actually need to
protect kmem_cache_shrink() from hotplug callbacks: While SLUB's
__kmem_cache_shrink() does for_each_kmem_cache_node(), missing a new node
added in parallel hotplug is not fatal, and parallel hotremove does not
free kmem_cache_node's anymore after the previous patch, so use-after free
cannot happen. The per-node shrinking itself is protected by
n->list_lock. Same is true for SLAB, and SLOB is no-op.
SLAB also doesn't need the memory hotplug locking, which it only gained by
03afc0e25f7f through the shared paths in slab_common.c. Its memory
hotplug callbacks are also protected by slab_mutex against races with
these paths. The problem of SLUB relying on N_NORMAL_MEMORY doesn't apply
to SLAB, as its setup_kmem_cache_nodes relies on N_ONLINE, and the new
node is already set there during the MEM_GOING_ONLINE callback, so no
special care is needed for SLAB.
As such, this patch removes all get/put_online_mems() usage by the slab
subsystem.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210113131634.3671-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Qian Cai <cai@redhat.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-02-24 20:01:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-23 07:52:41 +00:00
|
|
|
return __kmem_cache_shrink(cachep);
|
slab: get_online_mems for kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink}
When we create a sl[au]b cache, we allocate kmem_cache_node structures
for each online NUMA node. To handle nodes taken online/offline, we
register memory hotplug notifier and allocate/free kmem_cache_node
corresponding to the node that changes its state for each kmem cache.
To synchronize between the two paths we hold the slab_mutex during both
the cache creationg/destruction path and while tuning per-node parts of
kmem caches in memory hotplug handler, but that's not quite right,
because it does not guarantee that a newly created cache will have all
kmem_cache_nodes initialized in case it races with memory hotplug. For
instance, in case of slub:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
kmem_cache_create: online_pages:
__kmem_cache_create: slab_memory_callback:
slab_mem_going_online_callback:
lock slab_mutex
for each slab_caches list entry
allocate kmem_cache node
unlock slab_mutex
lock slab_mutex
init_kmem_cache_nodes:
for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY)
allocate kmem_cache node
add kmem_cache to slab_caches list
unlock slab_mutex
online_pages (continued):
node_states_set_node
As a result we'll get a kmem cache with not all kmem_cache_nodes
allocated.
To avoid issues like that we should hold get/put_online_mems() during
the whole kmem cache creation/destruction/shrink paths, just like we
deal with cpu hotplug. This patch does the trick.
Note, that after it's applied, there is no need in taking the slab_mutex
for kmem_cache_shrink any more, so it is removed from there.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-04 23:07:20 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_shrink);
|
|
|
|
|
2015-11-06 02:44:59 +00:00
|
|
|
bool slab_is_available(void)
|
2012-07-06 20:25:11 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return slab_state >= UP;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2021-01-07 21:46:11 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_PRINTK
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kmem_valid_obj - does the pointer reference a valid slab object?
|
|
|
|
* @object: pointer to query.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Return: %true if the pointer is to a not-yet-freed object from
|
|
|
|
* kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc(), either %true or %false if the pointer
|
|
|
|
* is to an already-freed object, and %false otherwise.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
bool kmem_valid_obj(void *object)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2021-10-04 13:45:55 +00:00
|
|
|
struct folio *folio;
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* Some arches consider ZERO_SIZE_PTR to be a valid address. */
|
|
|
|
if (object < (void *)PAGE_SIZE || !virt_addr_valid(object))
|
|
|
|
return false;
|
2021-10-04 13:45:55 +00:00
|
|
|
folio = virt_to_folio(object);
|
|
|
|
return folio_test_slab(folio);
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2020-12-08 05:23:36 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmem_valid_obj);
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-04-15 02:13:40 +00:00
|
|
|
static void kmem_obj_info(struct kmem_obj_info *kpp, void *object, struct slab *slab)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
if (__kfence_obj_info(kpp, object, slab))
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
__kmem_obj_info(kpp, object, slab);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kmem_dump_obj - Print available slab provenance information
|
|
|
|
* @object: slab object for which to find provenance information.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* This function uses pr_cont(), so that the caller is expected to have
|
|
|
|
* printed out whatever preamble is appropriate. The provenance information
|
|
|
|
* depends on the type of object and on how much debugging is enabled.
|
|
|
|
* For a slab-cache object, the fact that it is a slab object is printed,
|
|
|
|
* and, if available, the slab name, return address, and stack trace from
|
2021-03-16 10:37:11 +00:00
|
|
|
* the allocation and last free path of that object.
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* This function will splat if passed a pointer to a non-slab object.
|
|
|
|
* If you are not sure what type of object you have, you should instead
|
|
|
|
* use mem_dump_obj().
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
void kmem_dump_obj(void *object)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
char *cp = IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MMU) ? "" : "/vmalloc";
|
|
|
|
int i;
|
2021-10-04 13:45:55 +00:00
|
|
|
struct slab *slab;
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned long ptroffset;
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_obj_info kp = { };
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!virt_addr_valid(object)))
|
|
|
|
return;
|
2021-10-04 13:45:55 +00:00
|
|
|
slab = virt_to_slab(object);
|
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!slab)) {
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
pr_cont(" non-slab memory.\n");
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2021-10-04 13:45:55 +00:00
|
|
|
kmem_obj_info(&kp, object, slab);
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_slab_cache)
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" slab%s %s", cp, kp.kp_slab_cache->name);
|
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" slab%s", cp);
|
2022-04-15 02:13:40 +00:00
|
|
|
if (is_kfence_address(object))
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" (kfence)");
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_objp)
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" start %px", kp.kp_objp);
|
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_data_offset)
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" data offset %lu", kp.kp_data_offset);
|
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_objp) {
|
|
|
|
ptroffset = ((char *)object - (char *)kp.kp_objp) - kp.kp_data_offset;
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" pointer offset %lu", ptroffset);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_slab_cache && kp.kp_slab_cache->object_size)
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" size %u", kp.kp_slab_cache->object_size);
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_ret)
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" allocated at %pS\n", kp.kp_ret);
|
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
|
pr_cont("\n");
|
|
|
|
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(kp.kp_stack); i++) {
|
|
|
|
if (!kp.kp_stack[i])
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
pr_info(" %pS\n", kp.kp_stack[i]);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2021-03-16 10:37:11 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (kp.kp_free_stack[0])
|
|
|
|
pr_cont(" Free path:\n");
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(kp.kp_free_stack); i++) {
|
|
|
|
if (!kp.kp_free_stack[i])
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
pr_info(" %pS\n", kp.kp_free_stack[i]);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2020-12-08 05:23:36 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmem_dump_obj);
|
2021-01-07 21:46:11 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
mm: Add mem_dump_obj() to print source of memory block
There are kernel facilities such as per-CPU reference counts that give
error messages in generic handlers or callbacks, whose messages are
unenlightening. In the case of per-CPU reference-count underflow, this
is not a problem when creating a new use of this facility because in that
case the bug is almost certainly in the code implementing that new use.
However, trouble arises when deploying across many systems, which might
exercise corner cases that were not seen during development and testing.
Here, it would be really nice to get some kind of hint as to which of
several uses the underflow was caused by.
This commit therefore exposes a mem_dump_obj() function that takes
a pointer to memory (which must still be allocated if it has been
dynamically allocated) and prints available information on where that
memory came from. This pointer can reference the middle of the block as
well as the beginning of the block, as needed by things like RCU callback
functions and timer handlers that might not know where the beginning of
the memory block is. These functions and handlers can use mem_dump_obj()
to print out better hints as to where the problem might lie.
The information printed can depend on kernel configuration. For example,
the allocation return address can be printed only for slab and slub,
and even then only when the necessary debug has been enabled. For slab,
build with CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB=y, and either use sizes with ample space
to the next power of two or use the SLAB_STORE_USER when creating the
kmem_cache structure. For slub, build with CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG=y and
boot with slub_debug=U, or pass SLAB_STORE_USER to kmem_cache_create()
if more focused use is desired. Also for slub, use CONFIG_STACKTRACE
to enable printing of the allocation-time stack trace.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <linux-mm@kvack.org>
Reported-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
[ paulmck: Convert to printing and change names per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Move slab definition per Stephen Rothwell and kbuild test robot. ]
[ paulmck: Handle CONFIG_MMU=n case where vmalloc() is kmalloc(). ]
[ paulmck: Apply Vlastimil Babka feedback on slab.c kmem_provenance(). ]
[ paulmck: Extract more info from !SLUB_DEBUG per Joonsoo Kim. ]
[ paulmck: Explicitly check for small pointers per Naresh Kamboju. ]
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
2020-12-08 01:41:02 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Create a cache during boot when no slab services are available yet */
|
2018-04-05 23:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
void __init create_boot_cache(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *name,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int size, slab_flags_t flags,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int useroffset, unsigned int usersize)
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
int err;
|
mm, sl[aou]b: guarantee natural alignment for kmalloc(power-of-two)
In most configurations, kmalloc() happens to return naturally aligned
(i.e. aligned to the block size itself) blocks for power of two sizes.
That means some kmalloc() users might unknowingly rely on that
alignment, until stuff breaks when the kernel is built with e.g.
CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG or CONFIG_SLOB, and blocks stop being aligned. Then
developers have to devise workaround such as own kmem caches with
specified alignment [1], which is not always practical, as recently
evidenced in [2].
The topic has been discussed at LSF/MM 2019 [3]. Adding a
'kmalloc_aligned()' variant would not help with code unknowingly relying
on the implicit alignment. For slab implementations it would either
require creating more kmalloc caches, or allocate a larger size and only
give back part of it. That would be wasteful, especially with a generic
alignment parameter (in contrast with a fixed alignment to size).
Ideally we should provide to mm users what they need without difficult
workarounds or own reimplementations, so let's make the kmalloc()
alignment to size explicitly guaranteed for power-of-two sizes under all
configurations. What this means for the three available allocators?
* SLAB object layout happens to be mostly unchanged by the patch. The
implicitly provided alignment could be compromised with
CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB due to redzoning, however SLAB disables redzoning for
caches with alignment larger than unsigned long long. Practically on at
least x86 this includes kmalloc caches as they use cache line alignment,
which is larger than that. Still, this patch ensures alignment on all
arches and cache sizes.
* SLUB layout is also unchanged unless redzoning is enabled through
CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG and boot parameter for the particular kmalloc cache.
With this patch, explicit alignment is guaranteed with redzoning as
well. This will result in more memory being wasted, but that should be
acceptable in a debugging scenario.
* SLOB has no implicit alignment so this patch adds it explicitly for
kmalloc(). The potential downside is increased fragmentation. While
pathological allocation scenarios are certainly possible, in my testing,
after booting a x86_64 kernel+userspace with virtme, around 16MB memory
was consumed by slab pages both before and after the patch, with
difference in the noise.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-btrfs/c3157c8e8e0e7588312b40c853f65c02fe6c957a.1566399731.git.christophe.leroy@c-s.fr/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20190225040904.5557-1-ming.lei@redhat.com/
[3] https://lwn.net/Articles/787740/
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: documentation fixlet, per Matthew]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190826111627.7505-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: "Darrick J . Wong" <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-10-07 00:58:45 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int align = ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN;
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s->name = name;
|
|
|
|
s->size = s->object_size = size;
|
mm, sl[aou]b: guarantee natural alignment for kmalloc(power-of-two)
In most configurations, kmalloc() happens to return naturally aligned
(i.e. aligned to the block size itself) blocks for power of two sizes.
That means some kmalloc() users might unknowingly rely on that
alignment, until stuff breaks when the kernel is built with e.g.
CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG or CONFIG_SLOB, and blocks stop being aligned. Then
developers have to devise workaround such as own kmem caches with
specified alignment [1], which is not always practical, as recently
evidenced in [2].
The topic has been discussed at LSF/MM 2019 [3]. Adding a
'kmalloc_aligned()' variant would not help with code unknowingly relying
on the implicit alignment. For slab implementations it would either
require creating more kmalloc caches, or allocate a larger size and only
give back part of it. That would be wasteful, especially with a generic
alignment parameter (in contrast with a fixed alignment to size).
Ideally we should provide to mm users what they need without difficult
workarounds or own reimplementations, so let's make the kmalloc()
alignment to size explicitly guaranteed for power-of-two sizes under all
configurations. What this means for the three available allocators?
* SLAB object layout happens to be mostly unchanged by the patch. The
implicitly provided alignment could be compromised with
CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB due to redzoning, however SLAB disables redzoning for
caches with alignment larger than unsigned long long. Practically on at
least x86 this includes kmalloc caches as they use cache line alignment,
which is larger than that. Still, this patch ensures alignment on all
arches and cache sizes.
* SLUB layout is also unchanged unless redzoning is enabled through
CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG and boot parameter for the particular kmalloc cache.
With this patch, explicit alignment is guaranteed with redzoning as
well. This will result in more memory being wasted, but that should be
acceptable in a debugging scenario.
* SLOB has no implicit alignment so this patch adds it explicitly for
kmalloc(). The potential downside is increased fragmentation. While
pathological allocation scenarios are certainly possible, in my testing,
after booting a x86_64 kernel+userspace with virtme, around 16MB memory
was consumed by slab pages both before and after the patch, with
difference in the noise.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-btrfs/c3157c8e8e0e7588312b40c853f65c02fe6c957a.1566399731.git.christophe.leroy@c-s.fr/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20190225040904.5557-1-ming.lei@redhat.com/
[3] https://lwn.net/Articles/787740/
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: documentation fixlet, per Matthew]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190826111627.7505-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: "Darrick J . Wong" <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-10-07 00:58:45 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* For power of two sizes, guarantee natural alignment for kmalloc
|
|
|
|
* caches, regardless of SL*B debugging options.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (is_power_of_2(size))
|
|
|
|
align = max(align, size);
|
|
|
|
s->align = calculate_alignment(flags, align, size);
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY
|
usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting
This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations
(useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions.
This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY
whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on
my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original
code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code.
Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab
cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory
available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further
restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to
whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from
userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches
that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their
objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy
operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant
sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass
hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.)
To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size
members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a
new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache
with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields
within the objects that get copied to/from userspace.
In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation
as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained
whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed
to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not
copyable to/from userspace.
After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15%
of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs
after a fresh boot:
Total Slab Memory: 48074720
Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2%
task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224
dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856
mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720
After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by
dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%:
Total Slab Memory: 95516184
Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8%
task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000
RAW 0.3% 300/96000
RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768
ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872
dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800
mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264
kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576
kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672
kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208
kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768
kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360
names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840
kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760
kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968
kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720
kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520
kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360
kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624
kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200
kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472
Signed-off-by: David Windsor <dave@nullcore.net>
[kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks]
[kees: add field names to function declarations]
[kees: convert BUGs to WARNs and fail closed]
[kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log]
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
2017-06-11 02:50:28 +00:00
|
|
|
s->useroffset = useroffset;
|
|
|
|
s->usersize = usersize;
|
2022-11-16 14:56:32 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
2015-02-12 22:59:20 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
err = __kmem_cache_create(s, flags);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (err)
|
2018-04-05 23:20:33 +00:00
|
|
|
panic("Creation of kmalloc slab %s size=%u failed. Reason %d\n",
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
name, size, err);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s->refcount = -1; /* Exempt from merging for now */
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-12 15:31:47 +00:00
|
|
|
static struct kmem_cache *__init create_kmalloc_cache(const char *name,
|
|
|
|
unsigned int size,
|
|
|
|
slab_flags_t flags)
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s = kmem_cache_zalloc(kmem_cache, GFP_NOWAIT);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (!s)
|
|
|
|
panic("Out of memory when creating slab %s\n", name);
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-12 15:31:47 +00:00
|
|
|
create_boot_cache(s, name, size, flags | SLAB_KMALLOC, 0, size);
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches);
|
|
|
|
s->refcount = 1;
|
|
|
|
return s;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
mm, slab: combine kmalloc_caches and kmalloc_dma_caches
Patch series "kmalloc-reclaimable caches", v4.
As discussed at LSF/MM [1] here's a patchset that introduces
kmalloc-reclaimable caches (more details in the second patch) and uses
them for dcache external names. That allows us to repurpose the
NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES counter later in the series.
With patch 3/6, dcache external names are allocated from kmalloc-rcl-*
caches, eliminating the need for manual accounting. More importantly, it
also ensures the reclaimable kmalloc allocations are grouped in pages
separate from the regular kmalloc allocations. The need for proper
accounting of dcache external names has shown it's easy for misbehaving
process to allocate lots of them, causing premature OOMs. Without the
added grouping, it's likely that a similar workload can interleave the
dcache external names allocations with regular kmalloc allocations (note:
I haven't searched myself for an example of such regular kmalloc
allocation, but I would be very surprised if there wasn't some). A
pathological case would be e.g. one 64byte regular allocations with 63
external dcache names in a page (64x64=4096), which means the page is not
freed even after reclaiming after all dcache names, and the process can
thus "steal" the whole page with single 64byte allocation.
If other kmalloc users similar to dcache external names become identified,
they can also benefit from the new functionality simply by adding
__GFP_RECLAIMABLE to the kmalloc calls.
Side benefits of the patchset (that could be also merged separately)
include removed branch for detecting __GFP_DMA kmalloc(), and shortening
kmalloc cache names in /proc/slabinfo output. The latter is potentially
an ABI break in case there are tools parsing the names and expecting the
values to be in bytes.
This is how /proc/slabinfo looks like after booting in virtme:
...
kmalloc-rcl-4M 0 0 4194304 1 1024 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0
...
kmalloc-rcl-96 7 32 128 32 1 : tunables 120 60 8 : slabdata 1 1 0
kmalloc-rcl-64 25 128 64 64 1 : tunables 120 60 8 : slabdata 2 2 0
kmalloc-rcl-32 0 0 32 124 1 : tunables 120 60 8 : slabdata 0 0 0
kmalloc-4M 0 0 4194304 1 1024 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0
kmalloc-2M 0 0 2097152 1 512 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0
kmalloc-1M 0 0 1048576 1 256 : tunables 1 1 0 : slabdata 0 0 0
...
/proc/vmstat with renamed nr_indirectly_reclaimable_bytes counter:
...
nr_slab_reclaimable 2817
nr_slab_unreclaimable 1781
...
nr_kernel_misc_reclaimable 0
...
/proc/meminfo with new KReclaimable counter:
...
Shmem: 564 kB
KReclaimable: 11260 kB
Slab: 18368 kB
SReclaimable: 11260 kB
SUnreclaim: 7108 kB
KernelStack: 1248 kB
...
This patch (of 6):
The kmalloc caches currently mainain separate (optional) array
kmalloc_dma_caches for __GFP_DMA allocations. There are tests for
__GFP_DMA in the allocation hotpaths. We can avoid the branches by
combining kmalloc_caches and kmalloc_dma_caches into a single
two-dimensional array where the outer dimension is cache "type". This
will also allow to add kmalloc-reclaimable caches as a third type.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-2-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 22:05:34 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *
|
2019-07-16 23:25:57 +00:00
|
|
|
kmalloc_caches[NR_KMALLOC_TYPES][KMALLOC_SHIFT_HIGH + 1] __ro_after_init =
|
|
|
|
{ /* initialization for https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42570 */ };
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_caches);
|
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES
|
|
|
|
unsigned long random_kmalloc_seed __ro_after_init;
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(random_kmalloc_seed);
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Conversion table for small slabs sizes / 8 to the index in the
|
|
|
|
* kmalloc array. This is necessary for slabs < 192 since we have non power
|
|
|
|
* of two cache sizes there. The size of larger slabs can be determined using
|
|
|
|
* fls.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
2018-04-05 23:20:40 +00:00
|
|
|
static u8 size_index[24] __ro_after_init = {
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
3, /* 8 */
|
|
|
|
4, /* 16 */
|
|
|
|
5, /* 24 */
|
|
|
|
5, /* 32 */
|
|
|
|
6, /* 40 */
|
|
|
|
6, /* 48 */
|
|
|
|
6, /* 56 */
|
|
|
|
6, /* 64 */
|
|
|
|
1, /* 72 */
|
|
|
|
1, /* 80 */
|
|
|
|
1, /* 88 */
|
|
|
|
1, /* 96 */
|
|
|
|
7, /* 104 */
|
|
|
|
7, /* 112 */
|
|
|
|
7, /* 120 */
|
|
|
|
7, /* 128 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 136 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 144 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 152 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 160 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 168 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 176 */
|
|
|
|
2, /* 184 */
|
|
|
|
2 /* 192 */
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-05 23:20:44 +00:00
|
|
|
static inline unsigned int size_index_elem(unsigned int bytes)
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return (bytes - 1) / 8;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Find the kmem_cache structure that serves a given size of
|
|
|
|
* allocation
|
|
|
|
*/
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *kmalloc_slab(size_t size, gfp_t flags, unsigned long caller)
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2018-04-05 23:20:40 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int index;
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (size <= 192) {
|
|
|
|
if (!size)
|
|
|
|
return ZERO_SIZE_PTR;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
index = size_index[size_index_elem(size)];
|
2018-10-26 22:03:12 +00:00
|
|
|
} else {
|
2018-12-28 08:33:01 +00:00
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(size > KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE))
|
2018-10-26 22:03:12 +00:00
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
index = fls(size - 1);
|
2018-10-26 22:03:12 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
return kmalloc_caches[kmalloc_type(flags, caller)][index];
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
slab: Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup()
In the effort to help the compiler reason about buffer sizes, the
__alloc_size attribute was added to allocators. This improves the scope
of the compiler's ability to apply CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS and (in the near
future) CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE. For most allocations, this works well,
as the vast majority of callers are not expecting to use more memory
than what they asked for.
There is, however, one common exception to this: anticipatory resizing
of kmalloc allocations. These cases all use ksize() to determine the
actual bucket size of a given allocation (e.g. 128 when 126 was asked
for). This comes in two styles in the kernel:
1) An allocation has been determined to be too small, and needs to be
resized. Instead of the caller choosing its own next best size, it
wants to minimize the number of calls to krealloc(), so it just uses
ksize() plus some additional bytes, forcing the realloc into the next
bucket size, from which it can learn how large it is now. For example:
data = krealloc(data, ksize(data) + 1, gfp);
data_len = ksize(data);
2) The minimum size of an allocation is calculated, but since it may
grow in the future, just use all the space available in the chosen
bucket immediately, to avoid needing to reallocate later. A good
example of this is skbuff's allocators:
data = kmalloc_reserve(size, gfp_mask, node, &pfmemalloc);
...
/* kmalloc(size) might give us more room than requested.
* Put skb_shared_info exactly at the end of allocated zone,
* to allow max possible filling before reallocation.
*/
osize = ksize(data);
size = SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(osize);
In both cases, the "how much was actually allocated?" question is answered
_after_ the allocation, where the compiler hinting is not in an easy place
to make the association any more. This mismatch between the compiler's
view of the buffer length and the code's intention about how much it is
going to actually use has already caused problems[1]. It is possible to
fix this by reordering the use of the "actual size" information.
We can serve the needs of users of ksize() and still have accurate buffer
length hinting for the compiler by doing the bucket size calculation
_before_ the allocation. Code can instead ask "how large an allocation
would I get for a given size?".
Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup(), to serve this function so we can start
replacing the "anticipatory resizing" uses of ksize().
[1] https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/1599
https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/183
[ vbabka@suse.cz: add SLOB version ]
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2022-09-23 20:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
size_t kmalloc_size_roundup(size_t size)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2023-09-07 12:42:20 +00:00
|
|
|
if (size && size <= KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* The flags don't matter since size_index is common to all.
|
|
|
|
* Neither does the caller for just getting ->object_size.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
return kmalloc_slab(size, GFP_KERNEL, 0)->object_size;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
slab: Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup()
In the effort to help the compiler reason about buffer sizes, the
__alloc_size attribute was added to allocators. This improves the scope
of the compiler's ability to apply CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS and (in the near
future) CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE. For most allocations, this works well,
as the vast majority of callers are not expecting to use more memory
than what they asked for.
There is, however, one common exception to this: anticipatory resizing
of kmalloc allocations. These cases all use ksize() to determine the
actual bucket size of a given allocation (e.g. 128 when 126 was asked
for). This comes in two styles in the kernel:
1) An allocation has been determined to be too small, and needs to be
resized. Instead of the caller choosing its own next best size, it
wants to minimize the number of calls to krealloc(), so it just uses
ksize() plus some additional bytes, forcing the realloc into the next
bucket size, from which it can learn how large it is now. For example:
data = krealloc(data, ksize(data) + 1, gfp);
data_len = ksize(data);
2) The minimum size of an allocation is calculated, but since it may
grow in the future, just use all the space available in the chosen
bucket immediately, to avoid needing to reallocate later. A good
example of this is skbuff's allocators:
data = kmalloc_reserve(size, gfp_mask, node, &pfmemalloc);
...
/* kmalloc(size) might give us more room than requested.
* Put skb_shared_info exactly at the end of allocated zone,
* to allow max possible filling before reallocation.
*/
osize = ksize(data);
size = SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(osize);
In both cases, the "how much was actually allocated?" question is answered
_after_ the allocation, where the compiler hinting is not in an easy place
to make the association any more. This mismatch between the compiler's
view of the buffer length and the code's intention about how much it is
going to actually use has already caused problems[1]. It is possible to
fix this by reordering the use of the "actual size" information.
We can serve the needs of users of ksize() and still have accurate buffer
length hinting for the compiler by doing the bucket size calculation
_before_ the allocation. Code can instead ask "how large an allocation
would I get for a given size?".
Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup(), to serve this function so we can start
replacing the "anticipatory resizing" uses of ksize().
[1] https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/1599
https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/183
[ vbabka@suse.cz: add SLOB version ]
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2022-09-23 20:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Above the smaller buckets, size is a multiple of page size. */
|
2023-09-07 12:42:20 +00:00
|
|
|
if (size && size <= KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE)
|
slab: Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup()
In the effort to help the compiler reason about buffer sizes, the
__alloc_size attribute was added to allocators. This improves the scope
of the compiler's ability to apply CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS and (in the near
future) CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE. For most allocations, this works well,
as the vast majority of callers are not expecting to use more memory
than what they asked for.
There is, however, one common exception to this: anticipatory resizing
of kmalloc allocations. These cases all use ksize() to determine the
actual bucket size of a given allocation (e.g. 128 when 126 was asked
for). This comes in two styles in the kernel:
1) An allocation has been determined to be too small, and needs to be
resized. Instead of the caller choosing its own next best size, it
wants to minimize the number of calls to krealloc(), so it just uses
ksize() plus some additional bytes, forcing the realloc into the next
bucket size, from which it can learn how large it is now. For example:
data = krealloc(data, ksize(data) + 1, gfp);
data_len = ksize(data);
2) The minimum size of an allocation is calculated, but since it may
grow in the future, just use all the space available in the chosen
bucket immediately, to avoid needing to reallocate later. A good
example of this is skbuff's allocators:
data = kmalloc_reserve(size, gfp_mask, node, &pfmemalloc);
...
/* kmalloc(size) might give us more room than requested.
* Put skb_shared_info exactly at the end of allocated zone,
* to allow max possible filling before reallocation.
*/
osize = ksize(data);
size = SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(osize);
In both cases, the "how much was actually allocated?" question is answered
_after_ the allocation, where the compiler hinting is not in an easy place
to make the association any more. This mismatch between the compiler's
view of the buffer length and the code's intention about how much it is
going to actually use has already caused problems[1]. It is possible to
fix this by reordering the use of the "actual size" information.
We can serve the needs of users of ksize() and still have accurate buffer
length hinting for the compiler by doing the bucket size calculation
_before_ the allocation. Code can instead ask "how large an allocation
would I get for a given size?".
Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup(), to serve this function so we can start
replacing the "anticipatory resizing" uses of ksize().
[1] https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/1599
https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/183
[ vbabka@suse.cz: add SLOB version ]
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2022-09-23 20:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
return PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size);
|
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
2023-09-07 12:42:20 +00:00
|
|
|
* Return 'size' for 0 - kmalloc() returns ZERO_SIZE_PTR
|
|
|
|
* and very large size - kmalloc() may fail.
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
2023-09-07 12:42:20 +00:00
|
|
|
return size;
|
|
|
|
|
slab: Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup()
In the effort to help the compiler reason about buffer sizes, the
__alloc_size attribute was added to allocators. This improves the scope
of the compiler's ability to apply CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS and (in the near
future) CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE. For most allocations, this works well,
as the vast majority of callers are not expecting to use more memory
than what they asked for.
There is, however, one common exception to this: anticipatory resizing
of kmalloc allocations. These cases all use ksize() to determine the
actual bucket size of a given allocation (e.g. 128 when 126 was asked
for). This comes in two styles in the kernel:
1) An allocation has been determined to be too small, and needs to be
resized. Instead of the caller choosing its own next best size, it
wants to minimize the number of calls to krealloc(), so it just uses
ksize() plus some additional bytes, forcing the realloc into the next
bucket size, from which it can learn how large it is now. For example:
data = krealloc(data, ksize(data) + 1, gfp);
data_len = ksize(data);
2) The minimum size of an allocation is calculated, but since it may
grow in the future, just use all the space available in the chosen
bucket immediately, to avoid needing to reallocate later. A good
example of this is skbuff's allocators:
data = kmalloc_reserve(size, gfp_mask, node, &pfmemalloc);
...
/* kmalloc(size) might give us more room than requested.
* Put skb_shared_info exactly at the end of allocated zone,
* to allow max possible filling before reallocation.
*/
osize = ksize(data);
size = SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(osize);
In both cases, the "how much was actually allocated?" question is answered
_after_ the allocation, where the compiler hinting is not in an easy place
to make the association any more. This mismatch between the compiler's
view of the buffer length and the code's intention about how much it is
going to actually use has already caused problems[1]. It is possible to
fix this by reordering the use of the "actual size" information.
We can serve the needs of users of ksize() and still have accurate buffer
length hinting for the compiler by doing the bucket size calculation
_before_ the allocation. Code can instead ask "how large an allocation
would I get for a given size?".
Introduce kmalloc_size_roundup(), to serve this function so we can start
replacing the "anticipatory resizing" uses of ksize().
[1] https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/1599
https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/183
[ vbabka@suse.cz: add SLOB version ]
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2022-09-23 20:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_size_roundup);
|
|
|
|
|
mm, slab: make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names
Patch series "mm, slab: Make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names", v6.
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM
and KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name,
but the names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically
generated by kmalloc_cache_name().
Patch1 predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save
the time spent dynamically generating names.
These changes make sense, and the time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
has been reduced by approximately 36.3%.
Time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
(CPU cycles)
5.3-rc7 66264
5.3-rc7+patch 42188
This patch (of 3):
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM and
KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name, but the
names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically generated by
kmalloc_cache_name().
This patch predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save the time
spent dynamically generating names.
Besides, remove the kmalloc_cache_name() that is no longer used.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1569241648-26908-2-git-send-email-lpf.vector@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Pengfei Li <lpf.vector@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 01:49:21 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_DMA_NAME(sz) .name[KMALLOC_DMA] = "dma-kmalloc-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#else
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_DMA_NAME(sz)
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_CGROUP_NAME(sz) .name[KMALLOC_CGROUP] = "kmalloc-cg-" #sz,
|
mm, slab: make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names
Patch series "mm, slab: Make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names", v6.
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM
and KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name,
but the names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically
generated by kmalloc_cache_name().
Patch1 predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save
the time spent dynamically generating names.
These changes make sense, and the time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
has been reduced by approximately 36.3%.
Time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
(CPU cycles)
5.3-rc7 66264
5.3-rc7+patch 42188
This patch (of 3):
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM and
KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name, but the
names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically generated by
kmalloc_cache_name().
This patch predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save the time
spent dynamically generating names.
Besides, remove the kmalloc_cache_name() that is no longer used.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1569241648-26908-2-git-send-email-lpf.vector@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Pengfei Li <lpf.vector@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 01:49:21 +00:00
|
|
|
#else
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_CGROUP_NAME(sz)
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-15 17:19:28 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifndef CONFIG_SLUB_TINY
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_RCL_NAME(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RECLAIM] = "kmalloc-rcl-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#else
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_RCL_NAME(sz)
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES
|
|
|
|
#define __KMALLOC_RANDOM_CONCAT(a, b) a ## b
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_RANDOM_NAME(N, sz) __KMALLOC_RANDOM_CONCAT(KMA_RAND_, N)(sz)
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_1(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 1] = "kmalloc-rnd-01-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_2(sz) KMA_RAND_1(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 2] = "kmalloc-rnd-02-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_3(sz) KMA_RAND_2(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 3] = "kmalloc-rnd-03-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_4(sz) KMA_RAND_3(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 4] = "kmalloc-rnd-04-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_5(sz) KMA_RAND_4(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 5] = "kmalloc-rnd-05-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_6(sz) KMA_RAND_5(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 6] = "kmalloc-rnd-06-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_7(sz) KMA_RAND_6(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 7] = "kmalloc-rnd-07-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_8(sz) KMA_RAND_7(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 8] = "kmalloc-rnd-08-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_9(sz) KMA_RAND_8(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 9] = "kmalloc-rnd-09-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_10(sz) KMA_RAND_9(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 10] = "kmalloc-rnd-10-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_11(sz) KMA_RAND_10(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 11] = "kmalloc-rnd-11-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_12(sz) KMA_RAND_11(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 12] = "kmalloc-rnd-12-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_13(sz) KMA_RAND_12(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 13] = "kmalloc-rnd-13-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_14(sz) KMA_RAND_13(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 14] = "kmalloc-rnd-14-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#define KMA_RAND_15(sz) KMA_RAND_14(sz) .name[KMALLOC_RANDOM_START + 15] = "kmalloc-rnd-15-" #sz,
|
|
|
|
#else // CONFIG_RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES
|
|
|
|
#define KMALLOC_RANDOM_NAME(N, sz)
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
mm, slab: make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names
Patch series "mm, slab: Make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names", v6.
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM
and KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name,
but the names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically
generated by kmalloc_cache_name().
Patch1 predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save
the time spent dynamically generating names.
These changes make sense, and the time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
has been reduced by approximately 36.3%.
Time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
(CPU cycles)
5.3-rc7 66264
5.3-rc7+patch 42188
This patch (of 3):
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM and
KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name, but the
names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically generated by
kmalloc_cache_name().
This patch predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save the time
spent dynamically generating names.
Besides, remove the kmalloc_cache_name() that is no longer used.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1569241648-26908-2-git-send-email-lpf.vector@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Pengfei Li <lpf.vector@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 01:49:21 +00:00
|
|
|
#define INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(__size, __short_size) \
|
|
|
|
{ \
|
|
|
|
.name[KMALLOC_NORMAL] = "kmalloc-" #__short_size, \
|
2022-11-15 17:19:28 +00:00
|
|
|
KMALLOC_RCL_NAME(__short_size) \
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
KMALLOC_CGROUP_NAME(__short_size) \
|
|
|
|
KMALLOC_DMA_NAME(__short_size) \
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
KMALLOC_RANDOM_NAME(RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES_NR, __short_size) \
|
mm, slab: make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names
Patch series "mm, slab: Make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names", v6.
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM
and KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name,
but the names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically
generated by kmalloc_cache_name().
Patch1 predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save
the time spent dynamically generating names.
These changes make sense, and the time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
has been reduced by approximately 36.3%.
Time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
(CPU cycles)
5.3-rc7 66264
5.3-rc7+patch 42188
This patch (of 3):
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM and
KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name, but the
names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically generated by
kmalloc_cache_name().
This patch predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save the time
spent dynamically generating names.
Besides, remove the kmalloc_cache_name() that is no longer used.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1569241648-26908-2-git-send-email-lpf.vector@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Pengfei Li <lpf.vector@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 01:49:21 +00:00
|
|
|
.size = __size, \
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2015-06-24 23:55:54 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* kmalloc_info[] is to make slub_debug=,kmalloc-xx option work at boot time.
|
2022-08-17 10:18:19 +00:00
|
|
|
* kmalloc_index() supports up to 2^21=2MB, so the final entry of the table is
|
|
|
|
* kmalloc-2M.
|
2015-06-24 23:55:54 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
2017-02-22 23:41:05 +00:00
|
|
|
const struct kmalloc_info_struct kmalloc_info[] __initconst = {
|
mm, slab: make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names
Patch series "mm, slab: Make kmalloc_info[] contain all types of names", v6.
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM
and KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name,
but the names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically
generated by kmalloc_cache_name().
Patch1 predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save
the time spent dynamically generating names.
These changes make sense, and the time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
has been reduced by approximately 36.3%.
Time spent by new_kmalloc_cache()
(CPU cycles)
5.3-rc7 66264
5.3-rc7+patch 42188
This patch (of 3):
There are three types of kmalloc, KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_RECLAIM and
KMALLOC_DMA.
The name of KMALLOC_NORMAL is contained in kmalloc_info[].name, but the
names of KMALLOC_RECLAIM and KMALLOC_DMA are dynamically generated by
kmalloc_cache_name().
This patch predefines the names of all types of kmalloc to save the time
spent dynamically generating names.
Besides, remove the kmalloc_cache_name() that is no longer used.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1569241648-26908-2-git-send-email-lpf.vector@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Pengfei Li <lpf.vector@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 01:49:21 +00:00
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(0, 0),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(96, 96),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(192, 192),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(8, 8),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(16, 16),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(32, 32),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(64, 64),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(128, 128),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(256, 256),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(512, 512),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(1024, 1k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(2048, 2k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(4096, 4k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(8192, 8k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(16384, 16k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(32768, 32k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(65536, 64k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(131072, 128k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(262144, 256k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(524288, 512k),
|
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(1048576, 1M),
|
2022-08-17 10:18:19 +00:00
|
|
|
INIT_KMALLOC_INFO(2097152, 2M)
|
2015-06-24 23:55:54 +00:00
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
* Patch up the size_index table if we have strange large alignment
|
|
|
|
* requirements for the kmalloc array. This is only the case for
|
|
|
|
* MIPS it seems. The standard arches will not generate any code here.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Largest permitted alignment is 256 bytes due to the way we
|
|
|
|
* handle the index determination for the smaller caches.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Make sure that nothing crazy happens if someone starts tinkering
|
|
|
|
* around with ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
void __init setup_kmalloc_cache_index_table(void)
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2018-04-05 23:20:44 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int i;
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
BUILD_BUG_ON(KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE > 256 ||
|
2022-02-17 09:16:09 +00:00
|
|
|
!is_power_of_2(KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE));
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for (i = 8; i < KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE; i += 8) {
|
2018-04-05 23:20:44 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int elem = size_index_elem(i);
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (elem >= ARRAY_SIZE(size_index))
|
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
|
size_index[elem] = KMALLOC_SHIFT_LOW;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE >= 64) {
|
|
|
|
/*
|
2022-01-14 22:09:25 +00:00
|
|
|
* The 96 byte sized cache is not used if the alignment
|
2013-01-10 19:14:19 +00:00
|
|
|
* is 64 byte.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
for (i = 64 + 8; i <= 96; i += 8)
|
|
|
|
size_index[size_index_elem(i)] = 7;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE >= 128) {
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* The 192 byte sized cache is not used if the alignment
|
|
|
|
* is 128 byte. Redirect kmalloc to use the 256 byte cache
|
|
|
|
* instead.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
for (i = 128 + 8; i <= 192; i += 8)
|
|
|
|
size_index[size_index_elem(i)] = 8;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-12 15:31:48 +00:00
|
|
|
static unsigned int __kmalloc_minalign(void)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2023-08-01 06:23:57 +00:00
|
|
|
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DMA_BOUNCE_UNALIGNED_KMALLOC) &&
|
|
|
|
is_swiotlb_allocated())
|
2023-06-12 15:32:00 +00:00
|
|
|
return ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN;
|
2023-06-12 15:31:48 +00:00
|
|
|
return dma_get_cache_alignment();
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-12 15:31:47 +00:00
|
|
|
void __init
|
2019-12-01 01:49:28 +00:00
|
|
|
new_kmalloc_cache(int idx, enum kmalloc_cache_type type, slab_flags_t flags)
|
2015-06-29 14:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2023-06-12 15:31:48 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int minalign = __kmalloc_minalign();
|
|
|
|
unsigned int aligned_size = kmalloc_info[idx].size;
|
|
|
|
int aligned_idx = idx;
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-15 17:19:28 +00:00
|
|
|
if ((KMALLOC_RECLAIM != KMALLOC_NORMAL) && (type == KMALLOC_RECLAIM)) {
|
mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable caches
Kmem caches can be created with a SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag, which
indicates they contain objects which can be reclaimed under memory
pressure (typically through a shrinker). This makes the slab pages
accounted as NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE in vmstat, which is reflected also the
MemAvailable meminfo counter and in overcommit decisions. The slab pages
are also allocated with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE, which is good for
anti-fragmentation through grouping pages by mobility.
The generic kmalloc-X caches are created without this flag, but sometimes
are used also for objects that can be reclaimed, which due to varying size
cannot have a dedicated kmem cache with SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag. A
prominent example are dcache external names, which prompted the creation
of a new, manually managed vmstat counter NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES
in commit f1782c9bc547 ("dcache: account external names as indirectly
reclaimable memory").
To better handle this and any other similar cases, this patch introduces
SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT variants of kmalloc caches, named kmalloc-rcl-X.
They are used whenever the kmalloc() call passes __GFP_RECLAIMABLE among
gfp flags. They are added to the kmalloc_caches array as a new type.
Allocations with both __GFP_DMA and __GFP_RECLAIMABLE will use a dma type
cache.
This change only applies to SLAB and SLUB, not SLOB. This is fine, since
SLOB's target are tiny system and this patch does add some overhead of
kmem management objects.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 22:05:38 +00:00
|
|
|
flags |= SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT;
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
} else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM) && (type == KMALLOC_CGROUP)) {
|
2022-01-14 22:05:29 +00:00
|
|
|
if (mem_cgroup_kmem_disabled()) {
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
kmalloc_caches[type][idx] = kmalloc_caches[KMALLOC_NORMAL][idx];
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
flags |= SLAB_ACCOUNT;
|
mm/slab_common: move dma-kmalloc caches creation into new_kmalloc_cache()
There are four types of kmalloc_caches: KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_CGROUP,
KMALLOC_RECLAIM, and KMALLOC_DMA. While the first three types are
created using new_kmalloc_cache(), KMALLOC_DMA caches are created in a
separate logic. Let KMALLOC_DMA caches be also created using
new_kmalloc_cache(), to enhance readability.
Historically, there were only KMALLOC_NORMAL caches and KMALLOC_DMA
caches in the first place, and they were initialized in two separate
logics. However, when KMALLOC_RECLAIM was introduced in v4.20 via
commit 1291523f2c1d ("mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable
caches") and KMALLOC_CGROUP was introduced in v5.14 via
commit 494c1dfe855e ("mm: memcg/slab: create a new set of kmalloc-cg-<n>
caches"), their creations were merged with KMALLOC_NORMAL's only.
KMALLOC_DMA creation logic should be merged with them, too.
By merging KMALLOC_DMA initialization with other types, the following
two changes might occur:
1. The order dma-kmalloc-<n> caches added in slab_cache list may be
sorted by size. i.e. the order they appear in /proc/slabinfo may change
as well.
2. slab_state will be set to UP after KMALLOC_DMA is created.
In case of slub, freelist randomization is dependent on slab_state>=UP,
and therefore KMALLOC_DMA cache's freelist will not be randomized in
creation, but will be deferred to init_freelist_randomization().
Co-developed-by: JaeSang Yoo <jsyoo5b@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: JaeSang Yoo <jsyoo5b@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ohhoon Kwon <ohkwon1043@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220410162511.656541-1-ohkwon1043@gmail.com
2022-04-10 16:25:11 +00:00
|
|
|
} else if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ZONE_DMA) && (type == KMALLOC_DMA)) {
|
|
|
|
flags |= SLAB_CACHE_DMA;
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable caches
Kmem caches can be created with a SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag, which
indicates they contain objects which can be reclaimed under memory
pressure (typically through a shrinker). This makes the slab pages
accounted as NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE in vmstat, which is reflected also the
MemAvailable meminfo counter and in overcommit decisions. The slab pages
are also allocated with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE, which is good for
anti-fragmentation through grouping pages by mobility.
The generic kmalloc-X caches are created without this flag, but sometimes
are used also for objects that can be reclaimed, which due to varying size
cannot have a dedicated kmem cache with SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag. A
prominent example are dcache external names, which prompted the creation
of a new, manually managed vmstat counter NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES
in commit f1782c9bc547 ("dcache: account external names as indirectly
reclaimable memory").
To better handle this and any other similar cases, this patch introduces
SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT variants of kmalloc caches, named kmalloc-rcl-X.
They are used whenever the kmalloc() call passes __GFP_RECLAIMABLE among
gfp flags. They are added to the kmalloc_caches array as a new type.
Allocations with both __GFP_DMA and __GFP_RECLAIMABLE will use a dma type
cache.
This change only applies to SLAB and SLUB, not SLOB. This is fine, since
SLOB's target are tiny system and this patch does add some overhead of
kmem management objects.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 22:05:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES
|
|
|
|
if (type >= KMALLOC_RANDOM_START && type <= KMALLOC_RANDOM_END)
|
|
|
|
flags |= SLAB_NO_MERGE;
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2021-06-29 02:37:41 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* If CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM is enabled, disable cache merging for
|
|
|
|
* KMALLOC_NORMAL caches.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM) && (type == KMALLOC_NORMAL))
|
2023-06-13 10:28:21 +00:00
|
|
|
flags |= SLAB_NO_MERGE;
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-12 15:31:48 +00:00
|
|
|
if (minalign > ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN) {
|
|
|
|
aligned_size = ALIGN(aligned_size, minalign);
|
|
|
|
aligned_idx = __kmalloc_index(aligned_size, false);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (!kmalloc_caches[type][aligned_idx])
|
|
|
|
kmalloc_caches[type][aligned_idx] = create_kmalloc_cache(
|
|
|
|
kmalloc_info[aligned_idx].name[type],
|
|
|
|
aligned_size, flags);
|
|
|
|
if (idx != aligned_idx)
|
|
|
|
kmalloc_caches[type][idx] = kmalloc_caches[type][aligned_idx];
|
2015-06-29 14:28:08 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Create the kmalloc array. Some of the regular kmalloc arrays
|
|
|
|
* may already have been created because they were needed to
|
|
|
|
* enable allocations for slab creation.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
2017-11-16 01:32:18 +00:00
|
|
|
void __init create_kmalloc_caches(slab_flags_t flags)
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2019-12-01 01:49:28 +00:00
|
|
|
int i;
|
|
|
|
enum kmalloc_cache_type type;
|
2015-06-24 23:55:57 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-29 02:37:38 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Including KMALLOC_CGROUP if CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM defined
|
|
|
|
*/
|
mm/slab_common: move dma-kmalloc caches creation into new_kmalloc_cache()
There are four types of kmalloc_caches: KMALLOC_NORMAL, KMALLOC_CGROUP,
KMALLOC_RECLAIM, and KMALLOC_DMA. While the first three types are
created using new_kmalloc_cache(), KMALLOC_DMA caches are created in a
separate logic. Let KMALLOC_DMA caches be also created using
new_kmalloc_cache(), to enhance readability.
Historically, there were only KMALLOC_NORMAL caches and KMALLOC_DMA
caches in the first place, and they were initialized in two separate
logics. However, when KMALLOC_RECLAIM was introduced in v4.20 via
commit 1291523f2c1d ("mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable
caches") and KMALLOC_CGROUP was introduced in v5.14 via
commit 494c1dfe855e ("mm: memcg/slab: create a new set of kmalloc-cg-<n>
caches"), their creations were merged with KMALLOC_NORMAL's only.
KMALLOC_DMA creation logic should be merged with them, too.
By merging KMALLOC_DMA initialization with other types, the following
two changes might occur:
1. The order dma-kmalloc-<n> caches added in slab_cache list may be
sorted by size. i.e. the order they appear in /proc/slabinfo may change
as well.
2. slab_state will be set to UP after KMALLOC_DMA is created.
In case of slub, freelist randomization is dependent on slab_state>=UP,
and therefore KMALLOC_DMA cache's freelist will not be randomized in
creation, but will be deferred to init_freelist_randomization().
Co-developed-by: JaeSang Yoo <jsyoo5b@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: JaeSang Yoo <jsyoo5b@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ohhoon Kwon <ohkwon1043@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220410162511.656541-1-ohkwon1043@gmail.com
2022-04-10 16:25:11 +00:00
|
|
|
for (type = KMALLOC_NORMAL; type < NR_KMALLOC_TYPES; type++) {
|
mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable caches
Kmem caches can be created with a SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag, which
indicates they contain objects which can be reclaimed under memory
pressure (typically through a shrinker). This makes the slab pages
accounted as NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE in vmstat, which is reflected also the
MemAvailable meminfo counter and in overcommit decisions. The slab pages
are also allocated with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE, which is good for
anti-fragmentation through grouping pages by mobility.
The generic kmalloc-X caches are created without this flag, but sometimes
are used also for objects that can be reclaimed, which due to varying size
cannot have a dedicated kmem cache with SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag. A
prominent example are dcache external names, which prompted the creation
of a new, manually managed vmstat counter NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES
in commit f1782c9bc547 ("dcache: account external names as indirectly
reclaimable memory").
To better handle this and any other similar cases, this patch introduces
SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT variants of kmalloc caches, named kmalloc-rcl-X.
They are used whenever the kmalloc() call passes __GFP_RECLAIMABLE among
gfp flags. They are added to the kmalloc_caches array as a new type.
Allocations with both __GFP_DMA and __GFP_RECLAIMABLE will use a dma type
cache.
This change only applies to SLAB and SLUB, not SLOB. This is fine, since
SLOB's target are tiny system and this patch does add some overhead of
kmem management objects.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 22:05:38 +00:00
|
|
|
for (i = KMALLOC_SHIFT_LOW; i <= KMALLOC_SHIFT_HIGH; i++) {
|
|
|
|
if (!kmalloc_caches[type][i])
|
|
|
|
new_kmalloc_cache(i, type, flags);
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
mm, slab/slub: introduce kmalloc-reclaimable caches
Kmem caches can be created with a SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag, which
indicates they contain objects which can be reclaimed under memory
pressure (typically through a shrinker). This makes the slab pages
accounted as NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE in vmstat, which is reflected also the
MemAvailable meminfo counter and in overcommit decisions. The slab pages
are also allocated with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE, which is good for
anti-fragmentation through grouping pages by mobility.
The generic kmalloc-X caches are created without this flag, but sometimes
are used also for objects that can be reclaimed, which due to varying size
cannot have a dedicated kmem cache with SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT flag. A
prominent example are dcache external names, which prompted the creation
of a new, manually managed vmstat counter NR_INDIRECTLY_RECLAIMABLE_BYTES
in commit f1782c9bc547 ("dcache: account external names as indirectly
reclaimable memory").
To better handle this and any other similar cases, this patch introduces
SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT variants of kmalloc caches, named kmalloc-rcl-X.
They are used whenever the kmalloc() call passes __GFP_RECLAIMABLE among
gfp flags. They are added to the kmalloc_caches array as a new type.
Allocations with both __GFP_DMA and __GFP_RECLAIMABLE will use a dma type
cache.
This change only applies to SLAB and SLUB, not SLOB. This is fine, since
SLOB's target are tiny system and this patch does add some overhead of
kmem management objects.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180731090649.16028-3-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@linaro.org>
Cc: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-10-26 22:05:38 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Caches that are not of the two-to-the-power-of size.
|
|
|
|
* These have to be created immediately after the
|
|
|
|
* earlier power of two caches
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE <= 32 && i == 6 &&
|
|
|
|
!kmalloc_caches[type][1])
|
|
|
|
new_kmalloc_cache(1, type, flags);
|
|
|
|
if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE <= 64 && i == 7 &&
|
|
|
|
!kmalloc_caches[type][2])
|
|
|
|
new_kmalloc_cache(2, type, flags);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2013-05-03 18:04:18 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES
|
|
|
|
random_kmalloc_seed = get_random_u64();
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
2013-05-03 18:04:18 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2013-01-10 19:12:17 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Kmalloc array is now usable */
|
|
|
|
slab_state = UP;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void free_large_kmalloc(struct folio *folio, void *object)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
unsigned int order = folio_order(folio);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON_ONCE(order == 0))
|
|
|
|
pr_warn_once("object pointer: 0x%p\n", object);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
kmemleak_free(object);
|
|
|
|
kasan_kfree_large(object);
|
- Yu Zhao's Multi-Gen LRU patches are here. They've been under test in
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any negative
reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam R. Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slight more efficient in its own right,
but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
(https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com).
This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately timed
vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down to
the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to support
file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
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joPjAQDZ5LlRCMWZ1oxLP2NOTp6nm63q9PWcGnmY50FjD/dNlwEAnx7OejCLWGWf
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Merge tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull MM updates from Andrew Morton:
- Yu Zhao's Multi-Gen LRU patches are here. They've been under test in
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any
negative reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slightly more efficient in its own
right, but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock
contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
at [1]. This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately
timed vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down
to the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to
support file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and
memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging
activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com [1]
* tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (555 commits)
hugetlb: allocate vma lock for all sharable vmas
hugetlb: take hugetlb vma_lock when clearing vma_lock->vma pointer
hugetlb: fix vma lock handling during split vma and range unmapping
mglru: mm/vmscan.c: fix imprecise comments
mm/mglru: don't sync disk for each aging cycle
mm: memcontrol: drop dead CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP config symbol
mm: memcontrol: use do_memsw_account() in a few more places
mm: memcontrol: deprecate swapaccounting=0 mode
mm: memcontrol: don't allocate cgroup swap arrays when memcg is disabled
mm/secretmem: remove reduntant return value
mm/hugetlb: add available_huge_pages() func
mm: remove unused inline functions from include/linux/mm_inline.h
selftests/vm: add selftest for MADV_COLLAPSE of uffd-minor memory
selftests/vm: add file/shmem MADV_COLLAPSE selftest for cleared pmd
selftests/vm: add thp collapse shmem testing
selftests/vm: add thp collapse file and tmpfs testing
selftests/vm: modularize thp collapse memory operations
selftests/vm: dedup THP helpers
mm/khugepaged: add tracepoint to hpage_collapse_scan_file()
mm/madvise: add file and shmem support to MADV_COLLAPSE
...
2022-10-11 00:53:04 +00:00
|
|
|
kmsan_kfree_large(object);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:19 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mod_lruvec_page_state(folio_page(folio, 0), NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE_B,
|
|
|
|
-(PAGE_SIZE << order));
|
|
|
|
__free_pages(folio_page(folio, 0), order);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static void *__kmalloc_large_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node);
|
|
|
|
static __always_inline
|
|
|
|
void *__do_kmalloc_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node, unsigned long caller)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s;
|
|
|
|
void *ret;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(size > KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE)) {
|
|
|
|
ret = __kmalloc_large_node(size, flags, node);
|
2022-11-05 06:35:34 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(caller, ret, size,
|
2022-08-17 10:18:23 +00:00
|
|
|
PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size), flags, node);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
Randomized slab caches for kmalloc()
When exploiting memory vulnerabilities, "heap spraying" is a common
technique targeting those related to dynamic memory allocation (i.e. the
"heap"), and it plays an important role in a successful exploitation.
Basically, it is to overwrite the memory area of vulnerable object by
triggering allocation in other subsystems or modules and therefore
getting a reference to the targeted memory location. It's usable on
various types of vulnerablity including use after free (UAF), heap out-
of-bound write and etc.
There are (at least) two reasons why the heap can be sprayed: 1) generic
slab caches are shared among different subsystems and modules, and
2) dedicated slab caches could be merged with the generic ones.
Currently these two factors cannot be prevented at a low cost: the first
one is a widely used memory allocation mechanism, and shutting down slab
merging completely via `slub_nomerge` would be overkill.
To efficiently prevent heap spraying, we propose the following approach:
to create multiple copies of generic slab caches that will never be
merged, and random one of them will be used at allocation. The random
selection is based on the address of code that calls `kmalloc()`, which
means it is static at runtime (rather than dynamically determined at
each time of allocation, which could be bypassed by repeatedly spraying
in brute force). In other words, the randomness of cache selection will
be with respect to the code address rather than time, i.e. allocations
in different code paths would most likely pick different caches,
although kmalloc() at each place would use the same cache copy whenever
it is executed. In this way, the vulnerable object and memory allocated
in other subsystems and modules will (most probably) be on different
slab caches, which prevents the object from being sprayed.
Meanwhile, the static random selection is further enhanced with a
per-boot random seed, which prevents the attacker from finding a usable
kmalloc that happens to pick the same cache with the vulnerable
subsystem/module by analyzing the open source code. In other words, with
the per-boot seed, the random selection is static during each time the
system starts and runs, but not across different system startups.
The overhead of performance has been tested on a 40-core x86 server by
comparing the results of `perf bench all` between the kernels with and
without this patch based on the latest linux-next kernel, which shows
minor difference. A subset of benchmarks are listed below:
sched/ sched/ syscall/ mem/ mem/
messaging pipe basic memcpy memset
(sec) (sec) (sec) (GB/sec) (GB/sec)
control1 0.019 5.459 0.733 15.258789 51.398026
control2 0.019 5.439 0.730 16.009221 48.828125
control3 0.019 5.282 0.735 16.009221 48.828125
control_avg 0.019 5.393 0.733 15.759077 49.684759
experiment1 0.019 5.374 0.741 15.500992 46.502976
experiment2 0.019 5.440 0.746 16.276042 51.398026
experiment3 0.019 5.242 0.752 15.258789 51.398026
experiment_avg 0.019 5.352 0.746 15.678608 49.766343
The overhead of memory usage was measured by executing `free` after boot
on a QEMU VM with 1GB total memory, and as expected, it's positively
correlated with # of cache copies:
control 4 copies 8 copies 16 copies
total 969.8M 968.2M 968.2M 968.2M
used 20.0M 21.9M 24.1M 26.7M
free 936.9M 933.6M 931.4M 928.6M
available 932.2M 928.8M 926.6M 923.9M
Co-developed-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Xiu Jianfeng <xiujianfeng@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: GONG, Ruiqi <gongruiqi@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org> # percpu
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2023-07-14 06:44:22 +00:00
|
|
|
s = kmalloc_slab(size, flags, caller);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(s)))
|
|
|
|
return s;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ret = __kmem_cache_alloc_node(s, flags, node, size, caller);
|
|
|
|
ret = kasan_kmalloc(s, ret, size, flags);
|
2022-11-05 06:35:34 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(caller, ret, size, s->size, flags, node);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void *__kmalloc_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return __do_kmalloc_node(size, flags, node, _RET_IP_);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kmalloc_node);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void *__kmalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return __do_kmalloc_node(size, flags, NUMA_NO_NODE, _RET_IP_);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kmalloc);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void *__kmalloc_node_track_caller(size_t size, gfp_t flags,
|
|
|
|
int node, unsigned long caller)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return __do_kmalloc_node(size, flags, node, caller);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kmalloc_node_track_caller);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* kfree - free previously allocated memory
|
2023-03-02 15:01:00 +00:00
|
|
|
* @object: pointer returned by kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc()
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* If @object is NULL, no operation is performed.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
void kfree(const void *object)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct folio *folio;
|
|
|
|
struct slab *slab;
|
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trace_kfree(_RET_IP_, object);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(object)))
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
folio = virt_to_folio(object);
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(!folio_test_slab(folio))) {
|
|
|
|
free_large_kmalloc(folio, (void *)object);
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
slab = folio_slab(folio);
|
|
|
|
s = slab->slab_cache;
|
|
|
|
__kmem_cache_free(s, (void *)object, _RET_IP_);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kfree);
|
|
|
|
|
2022-09-29 09:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* __ksize -- Report full size of underlying allocation
|
2022-10-31 09:29:20 +00:00
|
|
|
* @object: pointer to the object
|
2022-09-29 09:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* This should only be used internally to query the true size of allocations.
|
|
|
|
* It is not meant to be a way to discover the usable size of an allocation
|
|
|
|
* after the fact. Instead, use kmalloc_size_roundup(). Using memory beyond
|
|
|
|
* the originally requested allocation size may trigger KASAN, UBSAN_BOUNDS,
|
|
|
|
* and/or FORTIFY_SOURCE.
|
|
|
|
*
|
2022-10-31 09:29:20 +00:00
|
|
|
* Return: size of the actual memory used by @object in bytes
|
2022-09-29 09:30:55 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
size_t __ksize(const void *object)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct folio *folio;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(object == ZERO_SIZE_PTR))
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
folio = virt_to_folio(object);
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
if (unlikely(!folio_test_slab(folio))) {
|
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON(folio_size(folio) <= KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE))
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
if (WARN_ON(object != folio_address(folio)))
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
return folio_size(folio);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:26 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
|
mm/slub: extend redzone check to extra allocated kmalloc space than requested
kmalloc will round up the request size to a fixed size (mostly power
of 2), so there could be a extra space than what is requested, whose
size is the actual buffer size minus original request size.
To better detect out of bound access or abuse of this space, add
redzone sanity check for it.
In current kernel, some kmalloc user already knows the existence of
the space and utilizes it after calling 'ksize()' to know the real
size of the allocated buffer. So we skip the sanity check for objects
which have been called with ksize(), as treating them as legitimate
users. Kees Cook is working on sanitizing all these user cases,
by using kmalloc_size_roundup() to avoid ambiguous usages. And after
this is done, this special handling for ksize() can be removed.
In some cases, the free pointer could be saved inside the latter
part of object data area, which may overlap the redzone part(for
small sizes of kmalloc objects). As suggested by Hyeonggon Yoo,
force the free pointer to be in meta data area when kmalloc redzone
debug is enabled, to make all kmalloc objects covered by redzone
check.
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Feng Tang <feng.tang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
2022-10-21 03:24:05 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
|
|
|
|
skip_orig_size_check(folio_slab(folio)->slab_cache, object);
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
return slab_ksize(folio_slab(folio)->slab_cache);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void *kmalloc_trace(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags, size_t size)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
void *ret = __kmem_cache_alloc_node(s, gfpflags, NUMA_NO_NODE,
|
|
|
|
size, _RET_IP_);
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:24 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(_RET_IP_, ret, size, s->size, gfpflags, NUMA_NO_NODE);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ret = kasan_kmalloc(s, ret, size, gfpflags);
|
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_trace);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void *kmalloc_node_trace(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags,
|
|
|
|
int node, size_t size)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
void *ret = __kmem_cache_alloc_node(s, gfpflags, node, size, _RET_IP_);
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:24 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(_RET_IP_, ret, size, s->size, gfpflags, node);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ret = kasan_kmalloc(s, ret, size, gfpflags);
|
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_node_trace);
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2020-08-07 06:18:28 +00:00
|
|
|
gfp_t kmalloc_fix_flags(gfp_t flags)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
gfp_t invalid_mask = flags & GFP_SLAB_BUG_MASK;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
flags &= ~GFP_SLAB_BUG_MASK;
|
|
|
|
pr_warn("Unexpected gfp: %#x (%pGg). Fixing up to gfp: %#x (%pGg). Fix your code!\n",
|
|
|
|
invalid_mask, &invalid_mask, flags, &flags);
|
|
|
|
dump_stack();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return flags;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-04 23:07:04 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* To avoid unnecessary overhead, we pass through large allocation requests
|
|
|
|
* directly to the page allocator. We use __GFP_COMP, because we will need to
|
|
|
|
* know the allocation order to free the pages properly in kfree.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
static void *__kmalloc_large_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node)
|
2014-06-04 23:06:39 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
struct page *page;
|
2022-08-17 10:18:16 +00:00
|
|
|
void *ptr = NULL;
|
|
|
|
unsigned int order = get_order(size);
|
2014-06-04 23:06:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2020-08-07 06:18:28 +00:00
|
|
|
if (unlikely(flags & GFP_SLAB_BUG_MASK))
|
|
|
|
flags = kmalloc_fix_flags(flags);
|
|
|
|
|
2014-06-04 23:06:39 +00:00
|
|
|
flags |= __GFP_COMP;
|
2022-08-17 10:18:16 +00:00
|
|
|
page = alloc_pages_node(node, flags, order);
|
|
|
|
if (page) {
|
|
|
|
ptr = page_address(page);
|
2021-02-24 20:04:26 +00:00
|
|
|
mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE_B,
|
|
|
|
PAGE_SIZE << order);
|
mm, sl[ou]b: improve memory accounting
Patch series "guarantee natural alignment for kmalloc()", v2.
This patch (of 2):
SLOB currently doesn't account its pages at all, so in /proc/meminfo the
Slab field shows zero. Modifying a counter on page allocation and
freeing should be acceptable even for the small system scenarios SLOB is
intended for. Since reclaimable caches are not separated in SLOB,
account everything as unreclaimable.
SLUB currently doesn't account kmalloc() and kmalloc_node() allocations
larger than order-1 page, that are passed directly to the page
allocator. As they also don't appear in /proc/slabinfo, it might look
like a memory leak. For consistency, account them as well. (SLAB
doesn't actually use page allocator directly, so no change there).
Ideally SLOB and SLUB would be handled in separate patches, but due to
the shared kmalloc_order() function and different kfree()
implementations, it's easier to patch both at once to prevent
inconsistencies.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190826111627.7505-2-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: "Darrick J . Wong" <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-10-07 00:58:42 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:16 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ptr = kasan_kmalloc_large(ptr, size, flags);
|
|
|
|
/* As ptr might get tagged, call kmemleak hook after KASAN. */
|
|
|
|
kmemleak_alloc(ptr, size, 1, flags);
|
- Yu Zhao's Multi-Gen LRU patches are here. They've been under test in
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any negative
reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam R. Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slight more efficient in its own right,
but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
(https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com).
This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately timed
vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down to
the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to support
file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
iHUEABYKAB0WIQTTMBEPP41GrTpTJgfdBJ7gKXxAjgUCY0HaPgAKCRDdBJ7gKXxA
joPjAQDZ5LlRCMWZ1oxLP2NOTp6nm63q9PWcGnmY50FjD/dNlwEAnx7OejCLWGWf
bbTuk6U2+TKgJa4X7+pbbejeoqnt5QU=
=xfWx
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
Merge tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull MM updates from Andrew Morton:
- Yu Zhao's Multi-Gen LRU patches are here. They've been under test in
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any
negative reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slightly more efficient in its own
right, but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock
contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
at [1]. This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately
timed vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down
to the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to
support file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and
memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging
activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com [1]
* tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (555 commits)
hugetlb: allocate vma lock for all sharable vmas
hugetlb: take hugetlb vma_lock when clearing vma_lock->vma pointer
hugetlb: fix vma lock handling during split vma and range unmapping
mglru: mm/vmscan.c: fix imprecise comments
mm/mglru: don't sync disk for each aging cycle
mm: memcontrol: drop dead CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP config symbol
mm: memcontrol: use do_memsw_account() in a few more places
mm: memcontrol: deprecate swapaccounting=0 mode
mm: memcontrol: don't allocate cgroup swap arrays when memcg is disabled
mm/secretmem: remove reduntant return value
mm/hugetlb: add available_huge_pages() func
mm: remove unused inline functions from include/linux/mm_inline.h
selftests/vm: add selftest for MADV_COLLAPSE of uffd-minor memory
selftests/vm: add file/shmem MADV_COLLAPSE selftest for cleared pmd
selftests/vm: add thp collapse shmem testing
selftests/vm: add thp collapse file and tmpfs testing
selftests/vm: modularize thp collapse memory operations
selftests/vm: dedup THP helpers
mm/khugepaged: add tracepoint to hpage_collapse_scan_file()
mm/madvise: add file and shmem support to MADV_COLLAPSE
...
2022-10-11 00:53:04 +00:00
|
|
|
kmsan_kmalloc_large(ptr, size, flags);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:16 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return ptr;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:18 +00:00
|
|
|
void *kmalloc_large(size_t size, gfp_t flags)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
void *ret = __kmalloc_large_node(size, flags, NUMA_NO_NODE);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:18 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:24 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(_RET_IP_, ret, size, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size),
|
|
|
|
flags, NUMA_NO_NODE);
|
2014-06-04 23:06:39 +00:00
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:18 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_large);
|
2014-06-04 23:06:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:17 +00:00
|
|
|
void *kmalloc_large_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node)
|
2013-09-04 16:35:34 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2022-08-17 10:18:21 +00:00
|
|
|
void *ret = __kmalloc_large_node(size, flags, node);
|
2022-08-17 10:18:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-17 10:18:24 +00:00
|
|
|
trace_kmalloc(_RET_IP_, ret, size, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size),
|
|
|
|
flags, node);
|
2013-09-04 16:35:34 +00:00
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-08-17 10:18:16 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_large_node);
|
2012-11-28 16:23:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2016-07-26 22:21:56 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM
|
|
|
|
/* Randomize a generic freelist */
|
2023-04-16 17:22:55 +00:00
|
|
|
static void freelist_randomize(unsigned int *list,
|
2018-04-05 23:21:46 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int count)
|
2016-07-26 22:21:56 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
unsigned int rand;
|
2018-04-05 23:21:46 +00:00
|
|
|
unsigned int i;
|
2016-07-26 22:21:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
|
|
|
|
list[i] = i;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* Fisher-Yates shuffle */
|
|
|
|
for (i = count - 1; i > 0; i--) {
|
2023-04-16 17:22:55 +00:00
|
|
|
rand = get_random_u32_below(i + 1);
|
2016-07-26 22:21:56 +00:00
|
|
|
swap(list[i], list[rand]);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* Create a random sequence per cache */
|
|
|
|
int cache_random_seq_create(struct kmem_cache *cachep, unsigned int count,
|
|
|
|
gfp_t gfp)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (count < 2 || cachep->random_seq)
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cachep->random_seq = kcalloc(count, sizeof(unsigned int), gfp);
|
|
|
|
if (!cachep->random_seq)
|
|
|
|
return -ENOMEM;
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-16 17:22:55 +00:00
|
|
|
freelist_randomize(cachep->random_seq, count);
|
2016-07-26 22:21:56 +00:00
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* Destroy the per-cache random freelist sequence */
|
|
|
|
void cache_random_seq_destroy(struct kmem_cache *cachep)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
kfree(cachep->random_seq);
|
|
|
|
cachep->random_seq = NULL;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
#endif /* CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM */
|
|
|
|
|
2017-11-16 01:32:03 +00:00
|
|
|
#if defined(CONFIG_SLAB) || defined(CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG)
|
2013-07-04 00:33:24 +00:00
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_SLAB
|
2018-06-14 22:27:58 +00:00
|
|
|
#define SLABINFO_RIGHTS (0600)
|
2013-07-04 00:33:24 +00:00
|
|
|
#else
|
2018-06-14 22:27:58 +00:00
|
|
|
#define SLABINFO_RIGHTS (0400)
|
2013-07-04 00:33:24 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-10 23:44:19 +00:00
|
|
|
static void print_slabinfo_header(struct seq_file *m)
|
2012-10-19 14:20:26 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Output format version, so at least we can change it
|
|
|
|
* without _too_ many complaints.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB
|
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, "slabinfo - version: 2.1 (statistics)\n");
|
|
|
|
#else
|
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, "slabinfo - version: 2.1\n");
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
2016-03-17 21:19:47 +00:00
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, "# name <active_objs> <num_objs> <objsize> <objperslab> <pagesperslab>");
|
2012-10-19 14:20:26 +00:00
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, " : tunables <limit> <batchcount> <sharedfactor>");
|
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, " : slabdata <active_slabs> <num_slabs> <sharedavail>");
|
|
|
|
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_SLAB
|
2016-03-17 21:19:47 +00:00
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, " : globalstat <listallocs> <maxobjs> <grown> <reaped> <error> <maxfreeable> <nodeallocs> <remotefrees> <alienoverflow>");
|
2012-10-19 14:20:26 +00:00
|
|
|
seq_puts(m, " : cpustat <allochit> <allocmiss> <freehit> <freemiss>");
|
|
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
seq_putc(m, '\n');
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2022-01-14 22:04:01 +00:00
|
|
|
static void *slab_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
|
2020-08-07 06:21:20 +00:00
|
|
|
return seq_list_start(&slab_caches, *pos);
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2022-01-14 22:04:01 +00:00
|
|
|
static void *slab_next(struct seq_file *m, void *p, loff_t *pos)
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2020-08-07 06:21:20 +00:00
|
|
|
return seq_list_next(p, &slab_caches, pos);
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2022-01-14 22:04:01 +00:00
|
|
|
static void slab_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *p)
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-10 23:44:19 +00:00
|
|
|
static void cache_show(struct kmem_cache *s, struct seq_file *m)
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2012-10-19 14:20:27 +00:00
|
|
|
struct slabinfo sinfo;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
memset(&sinfo, 0, sizeof(sinfo));
|
|
|
|
get_slabinfo(s, &sinfo);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
seq_printf(m, "%-17s %6lu %6lu %6u %4u %4d",
|
2020-08-07 06:21:27 +00:00
|
|
|
s->name, sinfo.active_objs, sinfo.num_objs, s->size,
|
2012-10-19 14:20:27 +00:00
|
|
|
sinfo.objects_per_slab, (1 << sinfo.cache_order));
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
seq_printf(m, " : tunables %4u %4u %4u",
|
|
|
|
sinfo.limit, sinfo.batchcount, sinfo.shared);
|
|
|
|
seq_printf(m, " : slabdata %6lu %6lu %6lu",
|
|
|
|
sinfo.active_slabs, sinfo.num_slabs, sinfo.shared_avail);
|
|
|
|
slabinfo_show_stats(m, s);
|
|
|
|
seq_putc(m, '\n');
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2014-12-10 23:42:16 +00:00
|
|
|
static int slab_show(struct seq_file *m, void *p)
|
2012-12-18 22:23:01 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
2020-08-07 06:21:20 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s = list_entry(p, struct kmem_cache, list);
|
2012-12-18 22:23:01 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2020-08-07 06:21:20 +00:00
|
|
|
if (p == slab_caches.next)
|
2014-12-10 23:42:16 +00:00
|
|
|
print_slabinfo_header(m);
|
2020-08-07 06:21:27 +00:00
|
|
|
cache_show(s, m);
|
2014-12-10 23:44:19 +00:00
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2017-11-16 01:32:07 +00:00
|
|
|
void dump_unreclaimable_slab(void)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2020-12-15 03:03:47 +00:00
|
|
|
struct kmem_cache *s;
|
2017-11-16 01:32:07 +00:00
|
|
|
struct slabinfo sinfo;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* Here acquiring slab_mutex is risky since we don't prefer to get
|
|
|
|
* sleep in oom path. But, without mutex hold, it may introduce a
|
|
|
|
* risk of crash.
|
|
|
|
* Use mutex_trylock to protect the list traverse, dump nothing
|
|
|
|
* without acquiring the mutex.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
if (!mutex_trylock(&slab_mutex)) {
|
|
|
|
pr_warn("excessive unreclaimable slab but cannot dump stats\n");
|
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pr_info("Unreclaimable slab info:\n");
|
|
|
|
pr_info("Name Used Total\n");
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-15 03:03:47 +00:00
|
|
|
list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
|
2020-08-07 06:21:27 +00:00
|
|
|
if (s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT)
|
2017-11-16 01:32:07 +00:00
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
get_slabinfo(s, &sinfo);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (sinfo.num_objs > 0)
|
2020-08-07 06:21:27 +00:00
|
|
|
pr_info("%-17s %10luKB %10luKB\n", s->name,
|
2017-11-16 01:32:07 +00:00
|
|
|
(sinfo.active_objs * s->size) / 1024,
|
|
|
|
(sinfo.num_objs * s->size) / 1024);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
|
|
|
* slabinfo_op - iterator that generates /proc/slabinfo
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Output layout:
|
|
|
|
* cache-name
|
|
|
|
* num-active-objs
|
|
|
|
* total-objs
|
|
|
|
* object size
|
|
|
|
* num-active-slabs
|
|
|
|
* total-slabs
|
|
|
|
* num-pages-per-slab
|
|
|
|
* + further values on SMP and with statistics enabled
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
static const struct seq_operations slabinfo_op = {
|
2014-12-10 23:42:16 +00:00
|
|
|
.start = slab_start,
|
2013-07-08 00:08:28 +00:00
|
|
|
.next = slab_next,
|
|
|
|
.stop = slab_stop,
|
2014-12-10 23:42:16 +00:00
|
|
|
.show = slab_show,
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static int slabinfo_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
return seq_open(file, &slabinfo_op);
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2020-02-04 01:37:17 +00:00
|
|
|
static const struct proc_ops slabinfo_proc_ops = {
|
proc: faster open/read/close with "permanent" files
Now that "struct proc_ops" exist we can start putting there stuff which
could not fly with VFS "struct file_operations"...
Most of fs/proc/inode.c file is dedicated to make open/read/.../close
reliable in the event of disappearing /proc entries which usually happens
if module is getting removed. Files like /proc/cpuinfo which never
disappear simply do not need such protection.
Save 2 atomic ops, 1 allocation, 1 free per open/read/close sequence for such
"permanent" files.
Enable "permanent" flag for
/proc/cpuinfo
/proc/kmsg
/proc/modules
/proc/slabinfo
/proc/stat
/proc/sysvipc/*
/proc/swaps
More will come once I figure out foolproof way to prevent out module
authors from marking their stuff "permanent" for performance reasons
when it is not.
This should help with scalability: benchmark is "read /proc/cpuinfo R times
by N threads scattered over the system".
N R t, s (before) t, s (after)
-----------------------------------------------------
64 4096 1.582458 1.530502 -3.2%
256 4096 6.371926 6.125168 -3.9%
1024 4096 25.64888 24.47528 -4.6%
Benchmark source:
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
const int NR_CPUS = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
int N;
const char *filename;
int R;
int xxx = 0;
int glue(int n)
{
cpu_set_t m;
CPU_ZERO(&m);
CPU_SET(n, &m);
return sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &m);
}
void f(int n)
{
glue(n % NR_CPUS);
while (*(volatile int *)&xxx == 0) {
}
for (int i = 0; i < R; i++) {
int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
char buf[4096];
ssize_t rv = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
asm volatile ("" :: "g" (rv));
close(fd);
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 4) {
std::cerr << "usage: " << argv[0] << ' ' << "N /proc/filename R
";
return 1;
}
N = atoi(argv[1]);
filename = argv[2];
R = atoi(argv[3]);
for (int i = 0; i < NR_CPUS; i++) {
if (glue(i) == 0)
break;
}
std::vector<std::thread> T;
T.reserve(N);
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
T.emplace_back(f, i);
}
auto t0 = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
{
*(volatile int *)&xxx = 1;
for (auto& t: T) {
t.join();
}
}
auto t1 = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
std::chrono::duration<double> dt = t1 - t0;
std::cout << dt.count() << '
';
return 0;
}
P.S.:
Explicit randomization marker is added because adding non-function pointer
will silently disable structure layout randomization.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding style fixes]
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200222201539.GA22576@avx2
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2020-04-07 03:09:01 +00:00
|
|
|
.proc_flags = PROC_ENTRY_PERMANENT,
|
2020-02-04 01:37:17 +00:00
|
|
|
.proc_open = slabinfo_open,
|
|
|
|
.proc_read = seq_read,
|
|
|
|
.proc_write = slabinfo_write,
|
|
|
|
.proc_lseek = seq_lseek,
|
|
|
|
.proc_release = seq_release,
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static int __init slab_proc_init(void)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2020-02-04 01:37:17 +00:00
|
|
|
proc_create("slabinfo", SLABINFO_RIGHTS, NULL, &slabinfo_proc_ops);
|
2012-10-19 14:20:25 +00:00
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
module_init(slab_proc_init);
|
2019-07-12 03:56:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2017-11-16 01:32:03 +00:00
|
|
|
#endif /* CONFIG_SLAB || CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG */
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-23 20:28:07 +00:00
|
|
|
static __always_inline __realloc_size(2) void *
|
|
|
|
__do_krealloc(const void *p, size_t new_size, gfp_t flags)
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
void *ret;
|
2020-08-07 06:18:17 +00:00
|
|
|
size_t ks;
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Check for double-free before calling ksize. */
|
2021-02-26 01:20:23 +00:00
|
|
|
if (likely(!ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(p))) {
|
|
|
|
if (!kasan_check_byte(p))
|
|
|
|
return NULL;
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
ks = ksize(p);
|
2021-02-26 01:20:23 +00:00
|
|
|
} else
|
|
|
|
ks = 0;
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2021-02-26 01:20:23 +00:00
|
|
|
/* If the object still fits, repoison it precisely. */
|
2015-02-13 22:39:42 +00:00
|
|
|
if (ks >= new_size) {
|
kasan, mm: change hooks signatures
Patch series "kasan: add software tag-based mode for arm64", v13.
This patchset adds a new software tag-based mode to KASAN [1]. (Initially
this mode was called KHWASAN, but it got renamed, see the naming rationale
at the end of this section).
The plan is to implement HWASan [2] for the kernel with the incentive,
that it's going to have comparable to KASAN performance, but in the same
time consume much less memory, trading that off for somewhat imprecise bug
detection and being supported only for arm64.
The underlying ideas of the approach used by software tag-based KASAN are:
1. By using the Top Byte Ignore (TBI) arm64 CPU feature, we can store
pointer tags in the top byte of each kernel pointer.
2. Using shadow memory, we can store memory tags for each chunk of kernel
memory.
3. On each memory allocation, we can generate a random tag, embed it into
the returned pointer and set the memory tags that correspond to this
chunk of memory to the same value.
4. By using compiler instrumentation, before each memory access we can add
a check that the pointer tag matches the tag of the memory that is being
accessed.
5. On a tag mismatch we report an error.
With this patchset the existing KASAN mode gets renamed to generic KASAN,
with the word "generic" meaning that the implementation can be supported
by any architecture as it is purely software.
The new mode this patchset adds is called software tag-based KASAN. The
word "tag-based" refers to the fact that this mode uses tags embedded into
the top byte of kernel pointers and the TBI arm64 CPU feature that allows
to dereference such pointers. The word "software" here means that shadow
memory manipulation and tag checking on pointer dereference is done in
software. As it is the only tag-based implementation right now, "software
tag-based" KASAN is sometimes referred to as simply "tag-based" in this
patchset.
A potential expansion of this mode is a hardware tag-based mode, which
would use hardware memory tagging support (announced by Arm [3]) instead
of compiler instrumentation and manual shadow memory manipulation.
Same as generic KASAN, software tag-based KASAN is strictly a debugging
feature.
[1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/dev-tools/kasan.html
[2] http://clang.llvm.org/docs/HardwareAssistedAddressSanitizerDesign.html
[3] https://community.arm.com/processors/b/blog/posts/arm-a-profile-architecture-2018-developments-armv85a
====== Rationale
On mobile devices generic KASAN's memory usage is significant problem.
One of the main reasons to have tag-based KASAN is to be able to perform a
similar set of checks as the generic one does, but with lower memory
requirements.
Comment from Vishwath Mohan <vishwath@google.com>:
I don't have data on-hand, but anecdotally both ASAN and KASAN have proven
problematic to enable for environments that don't tolerate the increased
memory pressure well. This includes
(a) Low-memory form factors - Wear, TV, Things, lower-tier phones like Go,
(c) Connected components like Pixel's visual core [1].
These are both places I'd love to have a low(er) memory footprint option at
my disposal.
Comment from Evgenii Stepanov <eugenis@google.com>:
Looking at a live Android device under load, slab (according to
/proc/meminfo) + kernel stack take 8-10% available RAM (~350MB). KASAN's
overhead of 2x - 3x on top of it is not insignificant.
Not having this overhead enables near-production use - ex. running
KASAN/KHWASAN kernel on a personal, daily-use device to catch bugs that do
not reproduce in test configuration. These are the ones that often cost
the most engineering time to track down.
CPU overhead is bad, but generally tolerable. RAM is critical, in our
experience. Once it gets low enough, OOM-killer makes your life
miserable.
[1] https://www.blog.google/products/pixel/pixel-visual-core-image-processing-and-machine-learning-pixel-2/
====== Technical details
Software tag-based KASAN mode is implemented in a very similar way to the
generic one. This patchset essentially does the following:
1. TCR_TBI1 is set to enable Top Byte Ignore.
2. Shadow memory is used (with a different scale, 1:16, so each shadow
byte corresponds to 16 bytes of kernel memory) to store memory tags.
3. All slab objects are aligned to shadow scale, which is 16 bytes.
4. All pointers returned from the slab allocator are tagged with a random
tag and the corresponding shadow memory is poisoned with the same value.
5. Compiler instrumentation is used to insert tag checks. Either by
calling callbacks or by inlining them (CONFIG_KASAN_OUTLINE and
CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE flags are reused).
6. When a tag mismatch is detected in callback instrumentation mode
KASAN simply prints a bug report. In case of inline instrumentation,
clang inserts a brk instruction, and KASAN has it's own brk handler,
which reports the bug.
7. The memory in between slab objects is marked with a reserved tag, and
acts as a redzone.
8. When a slab object is freed it's marked with a reserved tag.
Bug detection is imprecise for two reasons:
1. We won't catch some small out-of-bounds accesses, that fall into the
same shadow cell, as the last byte of a slab object.
2. We only have 1 byte to store tags, which means we have a 1/256
probability of a tag match for an incorrect access (actually even
slightly less due to reserved tag values).
Despite that there's a particular type of bugs that tag-based KASAN can
detect compared to generic KASAN: use-after-free after the object has been
allocated by someone else.
====== Testing
Some kernel developers voiced a concern that changing the top byte of
kernel pointers may lead to subtle bugs that are difficult to discover.
To address this concern deliberate testing has been performed.
It doesn't seem feasible to do some kind of static checking to find
potential issues with pointer tagging, so a dynamic approach was taken.
All pointer comparisons/subtractions have been instrumented in an LLVM
compiler pass and a kernel module that would print a bug report whenever
two pointers with different tags are being compared/subtracted (ignoring
comparisons with NULL pointers and with pointers obtained by casting an
error code to a pointer type) has been used. Then the kernel has been
booted in QEMU and on an Odroid C2 board and syzkaller has been run.
This yielded the following results.
The two places that look interesting are:
is_vmalloc_addr in include/linux/mm.h
is_kernel_rodata in mm/util.c
Here we compare a pointer with some fixed untagged values to make sure
that the pointer lies in a particular part of the kernel address space.
Since tag-based KASAN doesn't add tags to pointers that belong to rodata
or vmalloc regions, this should work as is. To make sure debug checks to
those two functions that check that the result doesn't change whether we
operate on pointers with or without untagging has been added.
A few other cases that don't look that interesting:
Comparing pointers to achieve unique sorting order of pointee objects
(e.g. sorting locks addresses before performing a double lock):
tty_ldisc_lock_pair_timeout in drivers/tty/tty_ldisc.c
pipe_double_lock in fs/pipe.c
unix_state_double_lock in net/unix/af_unix.c
lock_two_nondirectories in fs/inode.c
mutex_lock_double in kernel/events/core.c
ep_cmp_ffd in fs/eventpoll.c
fsnotify_compare_groups fs/notify/mark.c
Nothing needs to be done here, since the tags embedded into pointers
don't change, so the sorting order would still be unique.
Checks that a pointer belongs to some particular allocation:
is_sibling_entry in lib/radix-tree.c
object_is_on_stack in include/linux/sched/task_stack.h
Nothing needs to be done here either, since two pointers can only belong
to the same allocation if they have the same tag.
Overall, since the kernel boots and works, there are no critical bugs.
As for the rest, the traditional kernel testing way (use until fails) is
the only one that looks feasible.
Another point here is that tag-based KASAN is available under a separate
config option that needs to be deliberately enabled. Even though it might
be used in a "near-production" environment to find bugs that are not found
during fuzzing or running tests, it is still a debug tool.
====== Benchmarks
The following numbers were collected on Odroid C2 board. Both generic and
tag-based KASAN were used in inline instrumentation mode.
Boot time [1]:
* ~1.7 sec for clean kernel
* ~5.0 sec for generic KASAN
* ~5.0 sec for tag-based KASAN
Network performance [2]:
* 8.33 Gbits/sec for clean kernel
* 3.17 Gbits/sec for generic KASAN
* 2.85 Gbits/sec for tag-based KASAN
Slab memory usage after boot [3]:
* ~40 kb for clean kernel
* ~105 kb (~260% overhead) for generic KASAN
* ~47 kb (~20% overhead) for tag-based KASAN
KASAN memory overhead consists of three main parts:
1. Increased slab memory usage due to redzones.
2. Shadow memory (the whole reserved once during boot).
3. Quaratine (grows gradually until some preset limit; the more the limit,
the more the chance to detect a use-after-free).
Comparing tag-based vs generic KASAN for each of these points:
1. 20% vs 260% overhead.
2. 1/16th vs 1/8th of physical memory.
3. Tag-based KASAN doesn't require quarantine.
[1] Time before the ext4 driver is initialized.
[2] Measured as `iperf -s & iperf -c 127.0.0.1 -t 30`.
[3] Measured as `cat /proc/meminfo | grep Slab`.
====== Some notes
A few notes:
1. The patchset can be found here:
https://github.com/xairy/kasan-prototype/tree/khwasan
2. Building requires a recent Clang version (7.0.0 or later).
3. Stack instrumentation is not supported yet and will be added later.
This patch (of 25):
Tag-based KASAN changes the value of the top byte of pointers returned
from the kernel allocation functions (such as kmalloc). This patch
updates KASAN hooks signatures and their usage in SLAB and SLUB code to
reflect that.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/aec2b5e3973781ff8a6bb6760f8543643202c451.1544099024.git.andreyknvl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-12-28 08:29:37 +00:00
|
|
|
p = kasan_krealloc((void *)p, new_size, flags);
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
return (void *)p;
|
2015-02-13 22:39:42 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ret = kmalloc_track_caller(new_size, flags);
|
2021-02-26 01:20:23 +00:00
|
|
|
if (ret && p) {
|
|
|
|
/* Disable KASAN checks as the object's redzone is accessed. */
|
|
|
|
kasan_disable_current();
|
|
|
|
memcpy(ret, kasan_reset_tag(p), ks);
|
|
|
|
kasan_enable_current();
|
|
|
|
}
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
|
|
|
* krealloc - reallocate memory. The contents will remain unchanged.
|
|
|
|
* @p: object to reallocate memory for.
|
|
|
|
* @new_size: how many bytes of memory are required.
|
|
|
|
* @flags: the type of memory to allocate.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* The contents of the object pointed to are preserved up to the
|
2020-12-15 03:03:50 +00:00
|
|
|
* lesser of the new and old sizes (__GFP_ZERO flag is effectively ignored).
|
|
|
|
* If @p is %NULL, krealloc() behaves exactly like kmalloc(). If @new_size
|
|
|
|
* is 0 and @p is not a %NULL pointer, the object pointed to is freed.
|
2019-03-05 23:48:42 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Return: pointer to the allocated memory or %NULL in case of error
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
void *krealloc(const void *p, size_t new_size, gfp_t flags)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
void *ret;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if (unlikely(!new_size)) {
|
|
|
|
kfree(p);
|
|
|
|
return ZERO_SIZE_PTR;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ret = __do_krealloc(p, new_size, flags);
|
2018-12-28 08:30:35 +00:00
|
|
|
if (ret && kasan_reset_tag(p) != kasan_reset_tag(ret))
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
kfree(p);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return ret;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(krealloc);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/**
|
2020-08-07 06:18:13 +00:00
|
|
|
* kfree_sensitive - Clear sensitive information in memory before freeing
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
* @p: object to free memory of
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* The memory of the object @p points to is zeroed before freed.
|
2020-08-07 06:18:13 +00:00
|
|
|
* If @p is %NULL, kfree_sensitive() does nothing.
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* Note: this function zeroes the whole allocated buffer which can be a good
|
|
|
|
* deal bigger than the requested buffer size passed to kmalloc(). So be
|
|
|
|
* careful when using this function in performance sensitive code.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
2020-08-07 06:18:13 +00:00
|
|
|
void kfree_sensitive(const void *p)
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
size_t ks;
|
|
|
|
void *mem = (void *)p;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ks = ksize(mem);
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
if (ks) {
|
|
|
|
kasan_unpoison_range(mem, ks);
|
2020-08-07 06:18:17 +00:00
|
|
|
memzero_explicit(mem, ks);
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
kfree(mem);
|
|
|
|
}
|
2020-08-07 06:18:13 +00:00
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kfree_sensitive);
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-07-12 03:54:14 +00:00
|
|
|
size_t ksize(const void *objp)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2019-07-12 03:54:18 +00:00
|
|
|
/*
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
* We need to first check that the pointer to the object is valid.
|
|
|
|
* The KASAN report printed from ksize() is more useful, then when
|
|
|
|
* it's printed later when the behaviour could be undefined due to
|
|
|
|
* a potential use-after-free or double-free.
|
2019-07-12 03:54:18 +00:00
|
|
|
*
|
2021-02-24 20:05:50 +00:00
|
|
|
* We use kasan_check_byte(), which is supported for the hardware
|
|
|
|
* tag-based KASAN mode, unlike kasan_check_read/write().
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* If the pointed to memory is invalid, we return 0 to avoid users of
|
2019-07-12 03:54:18 +00:00
|
|
|
* ksize() writing to and potentially corrupting the memory region.
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
* We want to perform the check before __ksize(), to avoid potentially
|
|
|
|
* crashing in __ksize() due to accessing invalid metadata.
|
|
|
|
*/
|
2021-02-24 20:05:50 +00:00
|
|
|
if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(objp)) || !kasan_check_byte(objp))
|
2019-07-12 03:54:18 +00:00
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
|
2022-09-22 20:08:16 +00:00
|
|
|
return kfence_ksize(objp) ?: __ksize(objp);
|
2019-07-12 03:54:14 +00:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_SYMBOL(ksize);
|
|
|
|
|
2014-08-06 23:04:44 +00:00
|
|
|
/* Tracepoints definitions. */
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL(kmalloc);
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_alloc);
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL(kfree);
|
|
|
|
EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_free);
|
2018-04-05 23:23:57 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
int should_failslab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
if (__should_failslab(s, gfpflags))
|
|
|
|
return -ENOMEM;
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION(should_failslab, ERRNO);
|